PRINCIPLES OF SOLAR CELLS

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How does a solar cell work? How efficient can it be? Why do intricate patterns of metal lines decorate the surface of a solar module? How are the modules arranged in a solar farm? How can sunlight be stored during the day so that it can be used at night? And, how can a lifetime of more than 25 years be ensured in solar modules, despite the exposure to extreme patterns of weather? How do emerging machine-learning techniques assess the health of a solar farm? This practical book will answer all these questions and much more. Written in a conversational style and with over one-hundred homework problems, this book offers an end-to-end perspective, connecting the multi-disciplinary and multi-scale physical phenomena of electron-photon interaction at the molecular level to the design of kilometers-long solar farms. A new conceptual framework explains each concept in a simple, crystal-clear form. The novel use of thermodynamics not only determines the ultimate conversion efficiencies of the various solar cells proposed over the years, but also identifies the measurement artifacts and establishes practical limits by correlating the degradation modes. Extensive coverage of conceptual techniques already developed in other fields further inspire innovative designs of solar farms. This book will not only help you to make a solar cell, but it will help you make a solar cell better, to trace and reclaim the photons that would have been lost otherwise. Collaborations across multiple disciplines make photovoltaics real and given the concern about reducing the overall cost of solar energy, this interdisciplinary book is essential reading for anyone interested in photovoltaic technology. Request Inspection Copy Sample Chapter(s) Preface Chapter 1: Overview: Sun, Earth, and Solar Cell Contents: Preface Acknowledgments Overview: Sun, Earth, and Solar Cell Thermodynamics of Solar Cells: A Two-level Solar Cell Thermodynamic Limits of 3D Solar Cells Thermodynamic Limits of Tandem, Bifacial, and Concentrator Solar Cells Self-heating of Solar Cells Limits of Light Absorption Transport Physics of Three Types of Cells: Physics of Typical Solar Cells Organic Solar Cells Physics and Universality of Shunt Distribution Physics of Series Resistance of Solar Cells and Modules Design of a PV System: Panels, Farms, and Storage: System Integration of Solar Modules Design of Solar Farms Design of a Vertical Solar Farm Solar Farms: Practical Perspectives Storing Energy from Solar Cells Reliability and Characterization of Solar Cells: Levelized Cost of Electricity Highlights the Importance of Efficiency and Reliability of Solar Modules Soiling vs. Cleaning: An Optimization Problem A Transient Partial Shadow May Cause Permanent Damage Dangerous Hotspots are Caused by Weak Diodes and Strong Shunts Photodegradation of Solar Cells Due to UV Exposure Light-induced Degradation in Solar Cells Potential-Induced Degradation is a Serious Reliability Issue Humid Environment Causes Electrode Corrosion Physics of Glass, Cell, and Backsheet Cracking: Mechanical Reliability of Solar Modules Qualification of Module Reliability Predicting the Lifetime of Solar Farms Inverse Modeling and Monitoring the Health of a Solar Farm The Road Ahead ... Index Readership: Advanced undergraduate to beginning graduate students in physics and engineering to researchers and material scientists working in academia, industry, and national laboratories across the world.

CERES: AN ICE-RICH WORLD IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM

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Thanks to NASA's Dawn mission, the last half-decade has witnessed a significant advance in our understanding of Ceres. The largest object between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, Ceres is the most water-rich body in the inner solar system after Earth which shows evidence of brine-driven activity in its recent history, and even possibly at the present. The potential existence of a subsurface ocean or regional seas in Ceres and its salt- and organic-rich composition underscore its astro-biological significance. After signaling the discovery of the asteroid belt more than two centuries ago, Ceres once again reveals new insights for us to understand the formation, evolution, and habitability of this large icy body in our solar system. This book reviews the current state of knowledge about Ceres after the extensive scientific exploration by the Dawn mission. Starting from the introduction of the discovery of Ceres and what we know about this enigmatic world before Dawn's arrival, each chapter focuses on one aspect of Ceres, including its surface composition, its geology, the role of water ice in shaping Ceres's surface, its interior structure, and expressions of cryovolcanic or brine activity at the surface. Following this framework, the book addresses the astro-biological significance of Ceres. The last chapter summarizes the new questions opened by the Dawn mission and the next step to exploring the dwarf planet closest to Earth. Related Link(s) Press Release — A Water-Rich World in the Inner Solar System — that isn't Earth Sample Chapter(s) Preface Chapter 3: Dawn Mission Overview Contents: Preface About the Authors Discovery of Ceres and the Asteroid Belt Pre-Dawn Exploration Dawn Mission Overview Surface Composition Geology Water Ice Interior Structure Recent Activity Astrobiological Significance Open Questions and Future Exploration References Index Readership: Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the field of planetary science, astronomy and astrophysics