【簡介】 This book serves as a comprehensive guide to the various approaches and technologies involved in the production of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), biofuels and sustainable aviation kerosene (SAK). It examines the key properties of these fuels in comparison to conventional petroleum-based fuels. In addition to detailing the underlying technologies, the book explores the economic aspects of production, comparing them to conventional refinery-produced fuels. Readers are introduced to a range of feedstocks that can be utilised for SAF and renewable fuel production, including sugars, ethanol, vegetable oils and fats, municipal waste, biomass and lignocellulose. The book discusses critical factors influencing feedstock selection such as availability, cost and sustainability. It also provides a systematic approach to estimating the production costs of SAF through various alternative pathways and feedstocks, facilitating concept analyses for specific projects. 【目錄】 Challenges for Renewable Fuels: Fundamentals of Crude Oil and Refinery Economics Oil Price Differentials How Much Oil Is There? Refined Fuels and Fuel Harmonisation — Specification Fuels Prices of Refined Products The Challenges for Renewable Fuels SAF From Alcohol-Based Fuels: History of Use Properties of Ethanol for Gasoline Blending Ethanol in Diesel Blends World Ethanol Market Ethanol Production Costs Ethanol to Sustainable Aviation Fuel (e-Jet) SAF From Vegetable Oils and Fats: Production of Vegetable Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters — Biodiesel Biodiesel and Biodiesel Standards Use of FAME as a Diesel Fuel Differences between Diesel and Biodiesel Green Diesel and SAF Production Costs Production of Fuels and SAF from Biomass via Gasification: Biomass Fischer–Tropsch Process for Producing SAF Production of SAF from Carbon Dioxide The Production of High-Density Kerosene SAF by Pyrolysis of Biomass: Approach to the Direct Conversion of Biomass to Fuels Pyrolysis of Biomass Economics of SAK Production by Biomass Pyrolysis Commentary on Blending and Costs and Observations: Blending to SAF Cost of SAF Conclusion: Status of SAF Technology Cost of SAF Appendices: Relationship between the Cost of Feedstock and Petroleum Conversion Factors Methodology for Economic Analysis Location Factors Relation of Delivered Equipment to Final Capital Cost Specific Volume and Heating Values for Fuels Accuracy of Cost Estimates Exotic Biofuel Feedstocks Abbreviations
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【簡介】 Sustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition explores the concept of sustainable development and its implications for science and engineering. It looks at how sustainability criteria can be combined with traditional scientific and engineering considerations to design and operate industrial systems in a more sustainable manner. Taking a life cycle approach to addressing economic, environmental and social issues, the book presents a series of new practical case studies drawn from a range of sectors, including mining, energy, food, buildings, transport, waste, and health. Written in an accessible style, the book opens with a general introduction to the concept of sustainable development and explores its practical implications for technical experts. Recognising that practical application of sustainable development depends on the context, the second part of the book is devoted to case studies. The case studies explore scientific and technical aspects alongside relevant environmental economic and social issues.The key features of this completely revised and updated second edition include: Twelve new chapters, including the case studies on nuclear energy, biofuels, aviation, buildings, urban transport, food, sanitation and health.Six completely revised chaptersCoverage of a wide range of sustainability issues in both developed and developing countriesIntegration of scientific and technical aspects with economic, environmental and social considerationsDiscussion of policy implicationsCommunication with the non-engaging and non-scientific audienceConsidered essential reading for all engineers and scientists concerned with sustainable development, Sustainable Development in Practice: Case Studies for Engineers and Scientists, Second Edition also provides key reading and learning materials for undergraduate and postgraduate science and engineering students.
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