化學 (下) (2版)

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化學（上冊） ISBN13：9789576160400 出版社：藝軒 作者：曾國輝 裝訂：平裝 出版日：2001/01/01 中國圖書分類：化學 化學（下冊） ISBN13：9789576160417 出版社：藝軒 作者：曾國輝 裝訂：平裝 出版日：2005/10/01 中國圖書分類：化學 化學問題指引 ISBN13：9789576160271 出版社：藝軒 作者：曾國輝 裝訂：平裝 出版日：2000/05/01 中國圖書分類：化學 目錄 第一章 單位、測量與數目 第二章 原子、分子與離子 第三章 氣態 第四章 參與反應的原子、分子與離子：化學反應與計量化學 第五章 熱化學 第六章 大氣 第七章 電子結構與週期表 第八章 核化學 第九章 化學鍵 第十章 週期透視 第十一章 分子幾何與鍵結 第十二章 液態及固態 第十三章 水與水界 第十四章 溶液與膠體 第十五章 化學動力論 第十六章 化學平衡 第十七章 酸與鹼

SCENT AND CHEMISTRY - THE MOLECULAR WORL (1版)

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Scent and Chemistry Odor impressions have cast a spell over mankind since the dim and distant past. But even today, we are –consciously or subconsciously– guided by our sense of smell and the chemistry behind it. The prominent fragrance chemists Günther Ohloff, Wilhelm Pickenhagen and Philip Kraft convey the scientist, the perfumer, and the interested layman with a vivid and up-to-date picture of the chemistry of odorants and the research in odor perception. In this second thoroughly revised and updated edition they are joined by creative perfumer Fanny Grau, a rising master in this métier, who complements the scientific treatise by a concise introduction to the art of perfumery and its composition techniques. Besides this new chapter on the creative aspects of perfumery, the book details on the molecular basis of olfaction, olfactory characterization of perfumery materials, structure–odor relationships, the chemical synthesis of odorants, and the chemistry of essential oils and odorants from the animal kingdom, backed up by many perfume examples and historical aspects. It will serve as a thorough introductory text for everyone interested in the molecular world of odors.

The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids

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【簡介】 A comprehensive textbook that addresses the recent interest in nanotechnology in the engineering, materials science, chemistry, and physics communities In recent years, nanotechnology has become one of the most promising and exciting fields of science, triggering an increasing number of university engineering, materials science, chemistry, and physics departments to introduce courses on this emerging topic. Now, Drs. Owens and Poole have revised, updated, and revamped their 2003 work, Introduction to Nanotechnology, to make it more accessible as a textbook for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level courses on the fascinating field of nanotechnology and nanoscience. The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids takes a pedagogical approach to the subject and assumes only an introductory understanding of the physics and chemistry of macroscopic solids and models developed to explain properties, such as the theory of phonon and lattice vibrations and electronic band structure. The authors describe how properties depend on size in the nanometer regime and explain why these changes occur using relatively simple models of the physics and chemistry of the solid state. Additionally, this accessible book: Provides an introductory overview of the basic principles of solids Describes the various methods used to measure the properties of nanosolids Explains how and why properties change when reducing the size of solids to nano-dimensions, and what they predict when one or more dimensions of a solid has a nano-length Presents data on how various properties of solids are affected by nanosizing and examines why these changes occur Contains a chapter entirely devoted to the importance of carbon nanostructured materials and the potential applications of carbon nanostructures The Physics and Chemistry of Nanosolids is complete with a series of exercises at the end of each chapter for readers to enhance their understanding of the material presented, making this an ideal textbook for students and a valuable tutorial for technical professionals and researchers who are interested in learning more about this important topic. 【目錄】Preface xv 1. Physics of Bulk Solids 1 1.1 Structure 1 1.1.1 Size Dependence of Properties 1 1.1.2 Crystal Structures 2 1.1.3 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 7 1.1.4 Large Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 9 1.1.5 Tetrahedrally Bonded Semiconductor Structures 10 1.1.6 Lattice Vibrations 14 1.2 Surfaces of Crystals 16 1.2.1 Surface Characteristics 16 1.2.2 Surface Energy 17 1.2.3 Face-Centered Cubic Surface Layers 18 1.2.4 Surfaces of Zinc Blende and Diamond Structures 21 1.2.5 Adsorption of Gases 23 1.2.6 Electronic Structure of a Surface 25 1.2.7 Surface Quantum Well 26 1.3 Energy Bands 26 1.3.1 Insulators, Semiconductors, and Conductors 26 1.3.2 Reciprocal Space 27 1.3.3 Energy Bands and Gaps of Semiconductors 28 1.3.4 Effective Mass 34 1.3.5 Fermi Surfaces 35 1.4 Localized Particles 36 1.4.1 Donors, Acceptors, and Deep Traps 36 1.4.2 Mobility 37 1.4.3 Excitons 38 Problems 40 References 41 2. Methods of Measuring Properties of Nanostructures 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Structure 44 2.2.1 Atomic Structures 44 2.2.2 Crystallography 45 2.2.3 Particle Size Determination 50 2.2.4 Surface Structure 54 2.3 Microscopy 54 2.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 54 2.3.2 Field Ion Microscopy 59 2.3.3 Scanning Microscopy 59 2.4 Spectroscopy 66 2.4.1 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 66 2.4.2 Photoemission, X-Ray, and Auger Spectroscopy 72 2.4.3 Magnetic Resonance 78 2.5 Various Bulk Properties 81 2.5.1 Mechanical Properties 81 2.5.2 Electrical Properties 81 2.5.3 Magnetic Properties 82 2.5.4 Other Properties 82 Problems 82 References 83 3. Properties of Individual Nanoparticles 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Metal Nanoclusters 86 3.2.1 Magic Numbers 86 3.2.2 Theoretical Modeling of Nanoparticles 88 3.2.3 Geometric Structure 91 3.2.4 Electronic Structure 94 3.2.5 Reactivity 97 3.2.6 Fluctuations 100 3.2.7 Magnetic Clusters 100 3.2.8 Bulk-to-Nano Transition 103 3.3 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 104 3.3.1 Optical Properties 104 3.3.2 Photofragmentation 106 3.3.3 Coulomb Explosion 107 3.4 Rare-Gas and Molecular Clusters 107 3.4.1 Inert-Gas Clusters 107 3.4.2 Superfluid Clusters 108 3.4.3 Molecular Clusters 109 3.4.4 Nanosized Organic Crystals 111 3.5 Methods of Synthesis 111 3.5.1 RF Plasma 111 3.5.2 Chemical Methods 111 3.5.3 Thermolysis 112 3.5.4 Pulsed-Laser Methods 114 3.5.5 Synthesis of Nanosized Organic Crystals 114 3.6 Summary 118 Problems 118 4. The Chemistry of Nanostructures 121 4.1 Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 121 4.1.1 Solution Synthesis 121 4.1.2 Capped Nanoclusters 122 4.1.3 Solgel Processing 124 4.1.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanostructures 125 4.2 Reactivity of Nanostructures 125 4.3 Catalysis 127 4.3.1 Nature of Catalysis 127 4.3.2 Surface Area of Nanoparticles 127 4.3.3 Porous Materials 131 4.4 Self-Assembly 135 4.4.1 The Self-Assembly Process 135 4.4.2 Semiconductor Islands 136 4.4.3 Monolayers 139 Problems 141 5. Polymer and Biological Nanostructures 143 5.1 Polymers 143 5.1.1 Polymer Structure 143 5.1.2 Sizes of Polymers 146 5.1.3 Nanocrystals of Polymers 148 5.1.4 Conductive Polymers 151 5.1.5 Block Copolymers 152 5.2 Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.1 Sizes of Biological Nanostructures 154 5.2.2 Polypeptide Nanowire and Protein Nanoparticles 160 5.2.3 Nucleic Acids 162 5.2.3.1 DNA Double Nanowire 162 5.2.3.2 Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis 166 5.2.3.3 Proteins 167 5.2.3.4 Micelles and Vesicles 169 5.2.3.5 Multilayer Films 172 Problems 174 References 174 6. Cohesive Energy 177 6.1 Ionic Solids 177 6.2 Defects in Ionic Solids 183 6.3 Covalently Bonded Solids 185 6.4 Organic Crystals 186 6.5 Inert-Gas Solids 190 6.6 Metals 191 6.7 Conclusion 193 Problems 193 7. Vibrational Properties 195 7.1 The Finite One-Dimensional Monatomic Lattice 195 7.2 Ionic Solids 197 7.3 Experimental Observations 199 7.3.1 Optical and Acoustical Modes 199 7.3.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Surface Layers of Nanoparticles 201 7.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.3.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy of Surface Layers 201 7.4 Phonon Confinement 207 7.5 Effect of Dimension on Lattice Vibrations 209 7.6 Effect of Dimension on Vibrational Density of States 211 7.7 Effect of Size on Debye Frequency 215 7.8 Melting Temperature 216 7.9 Specific Heat 218 7.10 Plasmons 220 7.11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy 222 7.12 Phase Transitions 223 Problems 226 References 227 8. Electronic Properties 229 8.1 Ionic Solids 229 8.2 Covalently Bonded Solids 232 8.3 Metals 234 8.3.1 Effect of Lattice Parameter on Electronic Structure 235 8.3.2 Free-Electron Model 235 8.3.3 The Tight-Binding Model 239 8.4 Measurements of Electronic Structure of Nanoparticles 242 8.4.1 Semiconducting Nanoparticles 242 8.4.2 Organic Solids 248 8.4.3 Metals 250 Problems 251 9. Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Fabricating Quantum Nanostructures 253 9.2.1 Solution Fabrication 254 9.2.2 Lithography 257 9.3 Size and Dimensionality Effects 261 9.3.1 Size Effects 261 9.3.2 Size Effects on Conduction Electrons 263 9.3.3 Conduction Electrons and Dimensionality 264 9.3.4 Fermi Gas and Density of States 265 9.3.5 Potential Wells 268 9.3.6 Partial Confinement 272 9.3.7 Properties Dependent on Density of States 273 9.4 Excitons 275 9.5 Single-Electron Tunneling 276 9.6 Applications 280 9.6.1 Infrared Detectors 280 9.6.2 Quantum Dot Lasers 280 Problems 285 References 285 10. Carbon Nanostructures 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Carbon Molecules 287 10.2.1 Nature of the Carbon Bond 287 10.2.2 New Carbon Structures 289 10.3 Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.1 Small Carbon Clusters 289 10.3.2 Buckyball 292 10.3.3 The Structure of Molecular C60 293 10.3.4 Crystalline C60 296 10.3.5 Larger and Smaller Buckyballs 300 10.3.6 Buckyballs of Other Atoms 300 10.4 Carbon Nanotubes 301 10.4.1 Fabrication 301 10.4.2 Structure 304 10.4.3 Electronic Properties 306 10.4.4 Vibrational Properties 312 10.4.5 Functionalization 314 10.4.6 Doped Carbon Nanotubes 322 10.4.7 Mechanical Properties 325 10.5 Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.1 Polymer–Carbon Nanotube Composites 327 10.5.2 Metal–Carbon Nanotube Composites 329 10.6 Graphene Nanostructures 330 Problems 335 11. Bulk Nanostructured Materials 337 11.1 Solid Methods for Preparation of Disordered Nanostructures 337 11.1.1 Methods of Synthesis 337 11.1.2 Metal Nanocluster Composite Glasses 340 11.1.3 Porous Silicon 343 11.2 Nanocomposites 347 11.2.1 Layered Nanocomposites 347 11.2.2 Nanowire Composites 349 11.2.3 Composites of Nanoparticles 350 11.3 Nanostructured Crystals 351 11.3.1 Natural Nanocrystals 351 11.3.2 Crystals of Metal Nanoparticles 352 11.3.3 Arrays of Nanoparticles in Zeolites 355 11.3.4 Nanoparticle Lattices in Colloidal Suspensions 357 11.3.5 Computational Prediction of Cluster Lattices 358 11.4 Electrical Conduction in Bulk Nanostructured Materials 359 11.4.1 Bulk Materials Consisting of Nanosized Grains 359 11.4.2 Nanometer-Thick Amorphous Films 364 11.5 Other Properties 364 Problems 365 12. Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 367 12.1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials 367 12.2 Failure Mechanisms of Conventional Grain-Sized Materials 370 12.3 Mechanical Properties of Consolidated Nano-Grained Materials 371 12.4 Nanostructured Multilayers 374 12.5 Mechanical and Dynamical Properties of Nanosized Devices 376 12.5.1 General Considerations 376 12.5.2 Nanopendulum 378 12.5.3 Vibrations of a Nanometer String 380 12.5.4 The Nanospring 381 12.5.5 The Clamped Beam 382 12.5.6 The Challenges and Possibilities of Nanomechanical Sensors 385 12.5.7 Methods of Fabrication of Nanosized Devices 387 Problems 390 13. Magnetism in Nanostructures 393 13.1 Basics of Ferromagnetism 393 13.2 Behavior of Powders of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles 398 13.2.1 Properties of a Single Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle 398 13.2.2 Dynamics of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles 400 13.2.3 Measurements of Superparamagnetism and the Blocking Temperature 402 13.2.4 Nanopore Containment of Magnetic Particles 405 13.3 Ferrofluids 406 13.4 Bulk Nanostructured Magnetic Materials 413 13.4.1 Effect of Nanosized Grain Structure on Magnetic Properties 413 13.4.2 Magnetoresistive Materials 416 13.4.3 Carbon Nanostructured Ferromagnets 424 13.5 Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles 429 Problems 430 14. Nanoelectronics, Spintronics, Molecular Electronics, and Photonics 433 14.1 Nanoelectronics 433 14.1.1 N and P Doping and PN Junctions 433 14.1.2 MOSFET 435 14.1.3 Scaling of MOSFETs 436 14.2 Spintronics 440 14.2.1 Definition and Examples of Spintronic Devices 440 14.2.2 Magnetic Storage and Spin Valves 440 14.2.3 Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors 445 14.3 Molecular Switches and Electronics 449 14.3.1 Molecular Switches 449 14.3.2 Molecular Electronics 453 14.3.3 Mechanism of Conduction through a Molecule 458 14.4 Photonic Crystals 459 Problems 465 Reference 466 15. Superconductivity in Nanomaterials 467 15.1 Introduction 467 15.2 Zero Resistance 467 15.2.1 The Superconducting Gap 469 15.2.2 Cooper Pairs 470 15.3 The Meissner Effect 472 15.3.1 Magnetic Field Exclusion 472 15.3.2 Type I and Type II Superconductors 474 15.4 Properties of Flux 478 15.4.1 Quantization of Flux 478 15.4.2 Vortex Configurations 479 15.4.3 Flux Creep and Flux Flow 480 15.4.4 Vortex Pinning 484 15.5 Dependence of Superconducting Properties on Size Effects 484 15.6 Resistivity and Sheet Resistance 484 15.7 Proximity Effect 488 15.8 Superconductors as Nanomaterials 490 15.9 Tunneling and Josephson Junctions 491 15.9.1 Tunneling 491 15.9.2 Weak Links 491 15.9.3 Josephson Effect 493 15.9.4 Josephson Junctions 494 15.9.5 Ultrasmall Josephson Junctions 494 15.10 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (Squid) 495 15.11 Buckministerfullerenes 496 15.11.1 The Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 496 15.11.2 Alkali-Doped C60 496 15.11.3 Superconductivity in C60 497 Problems 498 References 499 Appendix A Formulas for Dimensionality 501 A.1 Introduction 501 A.2 Delocalization 501 A.3 Square and Parabolic Wells 502 A.4 Partial Confinement 503 Appendix B Tabulations of Semiconducting Material Properties 507 Appendix C Face-Centered Cubic and Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 515 C.1 Introduction 515 C.2 Face-Centered Cubic Nanoparticles 515 C.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Nanoparticles 519 Index 521