Introductory Statistics

Prem Mann understands from experience the challenges many students face when learning statistics in their non-native language. His clear and straightforward writing style and use of abundant visuals and figures reinforce key concepts and relate new ideas to prior sections for a smooth transition between topics. Case studies, examples with margin notes, and step-by-step solutions illustrate concepts using relevant real-world topics and applications. Designed for a one-or two-semester course, Statistics, 10th Edition follows the GAISE guidelines for teaching and encourages statistical interpretation and literacy regardless of student background.

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Statistics and Types of Statistics 1 Case Study 1.1: Deaths Due to Red-Light Running 3 Case Study 1.2: Is Anxiety and Depression a Major Problem Among Teens? 4 1.2 Basic Terms 5 1.3 Types of Variables 7 1.4 Cross-Section Versus Time-Series Data 10 1.5 Population Versus Sample 11 1.6 Design of Experiments 20 1.7 Summation Notation 24 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises /Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises /Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself /Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 2 Organizing and Graphing Data 39                      2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data 40 Case Study 2.1: Confidence in Charitable and Nongovernmental Organizations 44 Case Study 2.2: Single-Payer Health Care System Where the Federal Government Provides Coverage for Everyone 45 2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data 47 Case Study 2.3: Average Starting Salaries of Teachers 52 Case Study 2.4: Mom, I Am Hungry 53 Case Study 2.5: How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? 57 2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 64 2.4 Dotplots 69 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 3 Numerical Descriptive Measures 83 3.1 Measures of Center for Ungrouped Data 84 Case Study 3.1: Coffee Consumption Statistics 87 Case Study 3.2: Median Prices of Homes in Selected Metro Areas 90 3.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data 97 3.3 Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 105 3.4 Use of Standard Deviation 111 Case Study 3.3: Does Spread Mean the Same as Variability and Dispersion? 115 3.5 Measures of Position 116 3.6 Box-and-Whisker Plot 121 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Appendix 3.1 / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 4 Probability 141 4.1 Experiment, Outcome, and Sample Space 142 4.2 Calculating Probability 147 4.3 Marginal Probability, Conditional Probability, and Related Probability Concepts 154 Case Study 4.1: Vegetarians, Gender, and Ideology 157 4.4 Intersection of Events and the Multiplication Rule 165 4.5 Union of Events and the Addition Rule 171 4.6 Counting Rule, Factorials, Combinations, and Permutations 178 Case Study 4.2: Probability of Winning a Mega Millions Lottery Jackpot 183 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 5 Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions 197 5.1 Random Variables 198 5.2 Probability Distribution of a Discrete Random Variable 200 5.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable 206 Case Study 5.1: All State Lottery 208 5.4 The Binomial Probability Distribution 213 5.5 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution 224 5.6 The Poisson Probability Distribution 227 Case Study 5.2: Global Birth and Death Rates 230 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 6 Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Distribution 246 6.1 Continuous Probability Distribution and the Normal Probability Distribution 247 Case Study 6.1: Distribution of Time Taken to Run a Road Race 250 6.2 Standardizing a Normal Distribution 261 6.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution 268 6.4 Determining the Z and X Values When An Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve Is Known 273 6.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 278 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Appendix 6.1 / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 7 Sampling Distributions 299 7.1 Sampling Distribution, Sampling Error, and Nonsampling Errors 300 7.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of x​ _ ​ 305 7.3 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of x​ _ ​ 308 7.4 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of x​ _ ​ 314 7.5 Population and Sample Proportions; and the Mean, Standard Deviation, and Shape of the Sampling Distribution of ​p ​ ̂ 319 Case Study 7.1: 2016 Election and Sampling Error 321 7.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of ​p ​ ̂ 326 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 8 Estimation of the Mean and Proportion 338 8.1 Estimation, Point Estimate, and Interval Estimate 338 8.2 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Known 342 Case Study 8.1: 2019 National Average Salaries of Doctors 346 8.3 Estimation of a Population Mean: σ Not Known 351 8.4 Estimation of a Population Proportion: Large Samples 359 Case Study 8.2: Is Government, Poor Leadership, or Politicians the Most Important Problem Facing the U.S.? 362 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 9 Hypothesis Tests About the Mean and Proportion 377 9.1 Hypothesis Tests: An Introduction 378 9.2 Hypothesis Tests About μ: σ Known 386 Case Study 9.1: Average Student Loan Debt for the Class of 2018 396 9.3 Hypothesis Tests About μ: σ Not Known 399 9.4 Hypothesis Tests About a Population Proportion: Large Samples 408 Case Study 9.2: Are Parents Doing Too Much for Their Adult Children? 414 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 10 Estimation and Hypothesis Testing: Two Populations 430 10.1 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ 1 and σ 2 Known 431 10.2 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ 1 and σ 2 Unknown but Equal 438 10.3 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Means for Independent Samples: σ 1 and σ 2 Unknown and Unequal 446 10.4 Inferences About the Mean of Paired Samples (Dependent Samples) 452 10.5 Inferences About the Difference Between Two Population Proportions for Large and Independent Samples 461 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 11 Chi-Square Tests 485 11.1 The Chi-Square Distribution 486 11.2 A Goodness-of-Fit Test 489 Case Study 11.1: How Are the Economic Conditions in the Country Affecting the Middle Class? 495 11.3 A Test of Independence or Homogeneity 497 11.4 Inferences About the Population Variance 507 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 12 Analysis of Variance 525 12.1 The F Distribution 526 12.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance 528 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 13 Simple Linear Regression 546 13.1 Simple Linear Regression 547 Case Study 13.1: Regression of Weights on Heights for NFL Players 557 13.2 Standard Deviation of Errors and Coefficient of Determination 562 13.3 Inferences About B 569 13.4 Linear Correlation 573 13.5 Regression Analysis: A Complete Example 579 13.6 Using the Regression Model 585 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments 14 Multiple Regression 603 14.1 Multiple Regression Analysis 603 14.2 Assumptions of the Multiple Regression Model 605 14.3 Standard Deviation of Errors 606 14.4 Coefficient of Multiple Determination 607 14.5 Computer Solution of Multiple Regression 608 Exercises / Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Self-Review Test / Mini-Project / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions 15 Nonparametric Methods 622 This chapter is not included in this text but is available in the e-book in WileyPLUS 15.1 The Sign Test 623 15.2 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Two Dependent Samples 636 15.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Two Independent Samples 642 15.4 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 649 15.5 The Spearman Rho Rank Correlation Coefficient Test 653 15.6 The Runs Test for Randomness 657 Uses and Misuses of Statistics / Glossary / Exercises / Supplementary Exercises / Advanced Exercises / Self-Review Test / Mini-Projects / Decide for Yourself / Technology Instructions / Technology Assignments Appendix A Explanation of Data Sets A- 1 Appendix B Statistical Tables B- 1 Appendix C Lists of Formulas C- 1 Answers to Selected Odd-numbered Exercises and Self-review Tests An- 1 Index I- 1