Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish

There has been a continual expansion in aquaculture, such that total production is fast approaching that of wild-caught fisheries. Yet the expansion is marred by continued problems of disease. New pathogens emerge, and others become associated with new conditions. Some of these pathogens become well established, and develop into major killers of aquatic species. Diagnosis and Control of Diseases of Fish and Shellfish focuses on the diagnosis and control of diseases of fish and shellfish, notably those affecting aquaculture. Divided into 12 chapters, the book discusses the range of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, their trends, emerging problems, and the relative significance to aquaculture. Developments in diagnostics and disease management, including the widespread use of serological and molecular methods, are presented. Application/dose and mode of action of prebiotics, probiotics and medicinal plant products used to control disease are examined, as well as the management and hygiene precautions that can be taken to prevent/control the spread of disease. This book will be a valuable resource for researchers, students, diagnosticians, veterinarians, fish pathologists and microbiologists concerned with the management of diseases of fish and shellfish.

List of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 Brian Austin and Aweeda Newaj-Fyzul Conclusion 3 References 3 2 Bacterial Diagnosis and Control in Fish and Shellfish 5 Mags Crumlish Introduction 5 Bacterial Infections in Aquaculture 5 Bacterial Disease Diagnostics and Control of Infections 6 Modern Approaches in Bacterial Diagnostics 9 Control Strategies Against Bacterial Diseases 10 Emerging Bacterial Diseases 11 Climate Change and Aquatic Bacterial Disease 12 Polymicrobial and Concurrent Infections 13 Public Health and Aquaculture 13 Conclusion 14 References 14 3 Complexities of Diagnostics of Viruses Affecting Farmed Aquatic Species 19 Manfred Weidmann References 29 4 Parasitic Diseases in Aquaculture: Their Biology, Diagnosis and Control 37 Giuseppe Paladini, Matt Longshaw, Andrea Gustinelli, and Andrew P. Shinn Introduction 37 Protista 38 Biology and Taxonomy 38 Life-Cycle 38 Public Health 38 Significant Pathogens within the Group 40 Reviews 40 Identification 41 Diagnostic Methods 41 Myxozoa 42 Biology and Taxonomy 42 Life-Cycle 42 Public Health 43 Significant Pathogens within the Group 43 Reviews 43 Identification 43 Diagnostic Methods 43 Mesomycetozoea, Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms 44 Biology and Taxonomy 44 Life-Cycle 44 Public Health 45 Significant Pathogens within the Group 45 Reviews 46 Identification 46 Diagnostic Methods 46 Monogenea 46 Biology and Taxonomy 46 Life-Cycle 48 Public Health 48 Significant Pathogens within the Group 49 Reviews 49 Identification 49 Diagnostic Methods 49 Digenea 50 Biology and Taxonomy 50 Life-Cycle 52 Public Health 52 Significant Pathogens within the Group 53 Reviews 54 Identification 54 Diagnostic Methods 54 Cestoda 55 Biology and Taxonomy 55 Life-Cycle 55 Public Health 56 Significant Pathogens within the Group 57 Reviews 57 Identification 57 Diagnostic Methods 57 Nematoda 58 Biology and Taxonomy 58 Life-Cycle 58 Public Health 59 Significant Pathogens within the Group 59 Reviews 60 Identification 60 Diagnostic Methods 60 Acanthocephala 60 Biology and Taxonomy 60 Life-Cycle 61 Public Health 62 Significant Pathogens within the Group 62 Reviews 62 Identification 62 Diagnostic Methods 63 Arthropoda 63 Biology and Taxonomy 63 Life-Cycles 63 Parasitic Copepods 63 Isopods 65 Branchiurans 65 Public Health 65 Significant Pathogens within the Group 66 Reviews 66 Taxonomy and Systematics 66 Identification 67 Diagnostic Methods 68 Treatment, Prophylaxis and Farm Management Practices 69 Chemical Approaches 69 Reviews 70 Parasiticide Mode of Action 71 Non-Chemical Approaches in Parasite Control 72 Biosecurity 72 Farm Infrastructure 72 Husbandry-Based Practices 73 Diet 74 Biological Interventions 74 Genetic Breeding Programmes 74 Physical Measures 75 Mechanical Measures 75 Conclusion 76 References 77 5 Modern Methods of Diagnosis 109 Ahran Kim, Thanh Luan Nguyen, and Do-Hyung Kim Introduction 109 Diagnostic Methods for Aquatic Diseases 110 Conventional Methods 110 Histopathology 110 Parasitology 110 Bacteriology 111 Virology 111 Immunoserological Methods 112 Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies 112 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 114 Immunofluorescence Test 114 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) 117 Lateral Flow Immunoassay 119 Molecular Methods 121 Hybridization Methods 121 Nucleic Acid Amplification Methods 123 Molecular Typing Methods 128 Future Diagnostic Methods 129 Nanotechnology-based Strategies for Rapid Detection of Fish Pathogens 129 MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for Microbial Identification 130 High-throughput Sequencing Technologies 132 Whole-genome Sequencing of Bacterial Pathogens 132 Metagenomics Approaches for Pathogen Detection 134 Conclusion 135 References 137 6 Immunostimulant Diets and Oral Vaccination In Fish 147 Eva Vallejos-Vidal, Felipe Reyes-López, and Simon MacKenzie Introduction 147 Commonly Measured Immunological Parameters 148 Plant, Herbal and Algal Extracts 150 Plant and Herb Extracts 151 Andrographis paniculata 151 Aloe barbadensis 151 Chinese Herbs 152 Azadirachta indica 152 Camellia sinensis 152 Cedrus deodara 153 Citrus sinensis 153 Coffea arabica 153 Echinacea 153 Eclipta alba 154 Mentha piperita 154 Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi, Queen of Plants) 154 Psidium guajava l 154 Rehmannia glutinosa 154 Rhizophora apiculata 155 Cotinus coggyria 155 Urtica dioica 155 Viscum album coloratum 155 Zingiber officinale 156 Algae and Fungi Extracts 156 Astaxanthin 156 Navicula 156 Porphyridium cruentum 157 Spirulina platensis 157 Ganoderma lucidum 158 Lentinula edodes 158 Diets Containing Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns 158 Beta-Glucan 158 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 161Chitin 162 Receptors Mediating Immunostimulation Via PAMPs 162 Oral Vaccination 164 Gut Immunity 165 Non-encapsulated Vaccines 166 Encapsulated Oral Vaccines 166 Future Perspectives 167 References 168 7 Prebiotics and Synbiotics 185 Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar, Yun-Zhang Sun, and Zhigzhang Zhou The Interactions between Feed Additives and Diseases of Fish and Shellfish 185 Prebiotics and Synbiotics: Definition and History 185 Mode of Actions on Disease Resistance 186 Strengthening the Immune Response 186 Conclusion 187 References 187 8 Probiotics for Disease Control in Aquaculture 189 S.M. Sharifuzzaman and Brian Austin Introduction 189 Definition of Probiotics 190 Source of Probiotics 191 Application Methods and Options 192 Delivery Method 192 Dosage, Frequency and Duration of Administration 193 Use of Single Strain or Combinations 194 Dead, Inactivated or Cell Component 194 Range of Probiotics and their Efficacy 195 Modes of Action 204 Example of Commercial-Scale Application 207 Safety and Regulatory Issues 208 Conclusion 208 References 209 9 Use of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 223 Mirian Reverter, Nathalie Tapissier-Bontemps, Pierre Sasal, and Denis Saulnier Introduction 223 Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 224 Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 224 Application of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture 225 Analysis of Plants Used in Aquaculture 227 Plant Orders Most Frequently Used in Aquaculture 239 Lamiales 239 Fabales 241 Asterales 241 Malpighiales 242 Plant Species Most Widely Used in Aquaculture 242 Analysis of Plant Bioactivity 243 Analysis of Plant Parts Used in Aquaculture 244 Other Plants and Perspectives 244 Conclusion 245 References 246 10 Antibiotics and Disinfectants 263 Brian Austin Introduction 263 Antibiotics 264 Chemotherapy Regimes 264 Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) 264 Chryseobacterium scophthalmum 267 Cold-Water Disease/Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome (RTFS) 267 Cold-Water Vibriosis 267 Columnaris 267 Edwardsiellosis (Edwardsiella ictaluri) 267 Edwardsiellosis (E. tarda) 267 Enteric Redmouth (ERM) 267 Flavobacteriosis 268 Flavobacterium johnsoniae 268 Francisellosis 268 Furunculosis; Carp Erythrodermatitis; Goldfish Ulcer Disease 268 Gaffkemia 268 Lactococcosis and Streptococcosis 268 Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (Aeromonas hydrophila) 269 Mycobacteriosis 269 Nocardiosis 269 Pasteurellosis 269 Plesiomonas shigelloides 269 Rickettsiosis 269 Sekiten byo; Red Spot 269 Sporocytophaga sp. 269 Staphylococcus aureus 269 Staphylococcus epidermidis 269 Tenacibaculum maritimum 269 Vibriosis (Vibrio anguillarum; V. ordalii) 270 Vibrio alginolyticus 270 Vibrio harveyi 270 Vibrio pelagius 270 Vibrio splendidus 270 Disinfectants 270 Disinfectant Regimes 271 Aeromonas Septicaemia; Fin/Tail Rot 271 Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) and Sea Lice 271 Bacterial Gill Disease 271 Bacterial Kidney Disease 271 Botulism 271 Citrobacter freundii 271 Cold-Water Disease 271 Columnaris 271 Columnaris and Ichthyobodo necator – Concurrent Infections 272 Crayfish Plague 272 Flavobacterium johnsoniae 272 Gyrodactylus salaris 272 Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) 272 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) 272 Mycobacteriosis 272 Pseudomonas fluorescens 272 Sporocytophaga sp. 273 Conclusion 273 References 273 11 Management Techniques and Disease Control 279 Aweeda Newaj-Fyzul and Brian Austin Introduction 279 Disinfection 279 Hygiene 280 Acquisition of New Stock 280 Stocking Levels 280 Water Flow and Aeration 280 Feed/Feeding Regimes 281 Vermin 281 References 281 12 Conclusions 283 Brian Austin and Aweeda Newaj-Fyzul References 284 Index 289