SCADA

SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, 4th Edition Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) technology has evolved over the past 30 years as a method of monitoring and controlling large processes. This reference book offers overviews of SCADA s component technologies, as well as details necessary to understand the big picture. SCADA processes cover areas that may be in the thousands of square miles, and have dimensions that may be hundreds, occasionally thousands, of miles long. Now a mature technology, SCADA includes, but is not limited to, software packages that can be incorporated into a system of hardware and software to improve the safety and efficiency of the operation of these large processes. After completing these 15 self-study units, readers should be conversant with SCADA nomenclature and architecture, understand the basic technology of the system s building blocks, understand its limitations, understand how it can benefit particular operations, and have a basis for selecting appropriate SCADA technology for their operational requirements. This Fourth Edition includes a unit about improving the security of SCADA systems and has been rearranged to provide a more logical presentation of the subject.

Preface to the Fourth Edition Unit 1: Introduction and Overview 1-1. Text Coverage 1-2. Purpose 1-3. Audience and Prerequisites 1-4. Study Materials 1-5. Organization and Sequence 1-6. Course Objectives 1-7. Course Length Unit 2: SCADA – Purpose, Elements, and Layout 2-1. Purpose of a SCADA System 2-2. Applicable Processes 2-3. Elements of a SCADA System 2-4. SCADA Layout 2-5. A Limited Two-Way System Unit 2. Exercises Unit 3: Historical Development—Analog and Digital 3-1. Analog Signals, Measurement, and Control 3-2. Discrete Signals, Measurement, and Control 3-3. Development from Telemetry 3-4. Dependence on Communication and Computers Unit 3. Exercises Unit 4: Real-Time Systems 4-1. Is SCADA Real-Time? 4-2. Continuous Process Control 4-3. Communications Access and "Master-Slave" 4-4. Determining Scan Interval 4-5. Where to Compute? Unit 4. Exercises Unit 5: Control System Elements: Sensors, Actuators, and Algorithms 5-1. A Forgotten Cost 5-2. Special Considerations 5-3. Standardization 5-4. Maintenance 5-5. Local Controllers 5-6. Controllers in RTUs Unit 5. Exercises Unit 6: Field/RTU Communications 6-1. Three Rules of Communication 6-2. Analog Pneumatic and Hydraulic Signals 6-3. Analog Electronic Controllers 6-4. Digital Electrical Communication 6-5. How Digital Works—Analog to Binary to Digital 6-6. Parallel or Serial? 6-7. Communication Topology 6-8. Fieldbus and Similar Standards Unit 6. Exercises Unit 7: Remote Terminal Units—RTUs 7-1. What Does an RTU Do? 7-2. Communications Interface 7-3. Protocol Detailed 7-4. Discrete Control 7-5. Analog Control 7-6. Pulse Control 7-7. Serial Control 7-8. Monitor Discrete Signals 7-9. Monitor Pulse Count Signals 7-10. Monitor Serial Signals 7-11. Non-RTU Functions 7-12. RTU Hardware Choices Unit 7. Exercises Unit 8: RTU/MTU Communication 8-1. Communications System Components 8-2. Protocol 8-3. Modems 8-4. Synchronous or Asynchronous? 8-5. Telephone Cable or Radio? 8-6. Simplex or Duplex? 8-7. Turn-On Time 8-8. Frequencies: Are They Available? 8-9. Path Studies and Seasonal Variations 8-10. Solar Variations 8-11. Reliability and Maintenance 8-12. Satellite Communications 8-13. Cell Phones 8.14 Internet SCADA Unit 8. Exercises Unit 9: Master Terminal Units—MTUs 9-1. Communications Interface 9-2. Configuring a Picture of the Process 9-3. Some Simple Applications 9-4. Data Storage Unit 9. Exercises Unit 10: Operator Interface 10-1. Operator Interface on Very Small Systems 10-2. Operator Interface on Mid-sized Systems 10-3. Operator Interface on Large Systems 10-4. Local Security Considerations 10-5. Monitor Status Points 10-6. Monitoring Alarms 10-7. Totalized Values and Trending 10-8. Control Interfacing 10-9. Reports 10-10. Parallel Operator Interface Unit 10. Exercises Unit 11: Remote Control—What Not to SCADA 11-1. Murphy's Law and Remote Control 11-2. Safety Instrumented Systems 11-3. Regulatory Requirements Unit 11 Exercises Unit 12: Security 12-1. What Is the Risk? 12-2. Risk Evaluation Procedures 12-3. Risk Mitigation 12-4. Document and Follow-Up Unit 12. Exercises Unit 13: Applications 13-1. Real Time Revisited 13-2. Accounting and Quality of Data 13-3. Scanning and Communications 13-4. Automatic or Remote Control 13-5. Advisory Applications Unit 13. Exercises Unit 14: What's Next? 14-1. Communications Technology—Field Data 14-2. Communications Technology—RTU/MTU 14-3. Reductions in SCADA/Enterprise Communications 14-4. More Fully Automatic Applications Unit 14. Exercises Unit 15: SCADA Economics 15-1. Costs versus Benefits] 15-2. The Time Value of Money 15-3. Capital Costs 15-4. Training and Maintenance Costs 15-5. SCADA Operating Costs 15-6. Benefits: Reduced Capital Costs 15-7. Benefits: Reduced Operating Costs 15-8. Benefits: Improved Facility Effectiveness 15-9. Tax Implications Unit 15. Exercises Appendix A: Suggested Readings and Study Materials Appendix B: Glossary of SCADA Terminology Appendix C: Solutions to All Unit Exercises