Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

Two new fields have recently appeared: mobile ad hoc networks and sensor networks. The emergence of these very promising systems is mainly due to great technological progress in the field of wireless communication protocols; these will make it possible to offer a broad range of new applications in both civilian and militarian domains. The inherent characteristics of these systems imply new challenges. This book deals with several relevant fields related to the evolution of these spontaneous and self-organized networks. The authors tackle critical problems such as the design of unicast/multicast routing protocols, the support of the quality of service, the security mechanisms for routing and data transmission, the service discovery, the techniques of clustering/self-organization, the mobility of code and the fault-tolerance techniques. The discussion adopts an analysis-oriented approach which aims to cover the current cutting-edge aspects of these fields and to highlight some potential future development, making it essential reading for anyone wishing to gain a better understanding of these exciting new areas.

Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Houda LABIOD Chapter 2. Ad Hoc Networks: Principles and Routing 7 Stéphane UBÉDA 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Hertzian connection 12 2.2.1. Physical layer impact 12 2.2.2. Shared access to medium 15 2.2.3. Flooding 19 2.3. Routing 21 2.3.1. Dynamic source routing (DSR) 23 2.3.2. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) 25 2.3.3. Optimized link state routing (OLSR) 26 2.3.4. Topology based on reverse-path forwarding (TBRPF) 28 2.3.5. Zone-based hierarchical link state routing protocol (ZRP) 29 2.3.6. Location-aided routing (LAR) 30 2.4. Conclusion 32 2.5. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Quality of Service Support in MANETs 35 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 35 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 36 3.1.2. Chapter structure 36 3.2. Mobile ad hoc networks and QoS objectives 37 3.2.1. Characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks and QoS 37 3.2.2. Routing in mobile ad hoc networks 40 3.2.3. Realistic QoS objectives 48 3.3. QoS architecture and relative QoS state of the art 49 3.3.1. Different QoS components 49 3.3.2. QoS models 51 3.3.3. QoS signaling 53 3.3.4. QoS routing 56 3.4. An example of QoS support: QoS OLSR 57 3.4.1. Description of QoS OLSR 58 3.4.2. Performance evaluation 59 3.5. Conclusion 61 3.5.1. Summary 61 3.5.2. Perspectives 62 3.6. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Multicast Ad Hoc Routing 65 Houda LABIOD 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Multicast routing in MANETs: a brief state of the art 66 4.2.1. Classification 66 4.2.2. Summary 68 4.3. SRMP 69 4.3.1. Description 69 4.3.2. Operation 72 4.3.3. Maintenance procedures 73 4.4. Properties 75 4.5. Simulation results and analysis 76 4.6. Conclusion 77 4.7. Bibliography 77 Chapter 5. Self-organization of Ad Hoc Networks: Concepts and Impacts 81 Fabrice THEOLEYRE and Fabrice VALOIS 5.1. Introduction 81 5.2. Self-organization: definition and objectives 82 5.2.1. Definition 82 5.2.2. Principles and objectives 82 5.2.3. Local or distributed decisions? 84 5.3. Some key points for self-organization 85 5.3.1. Emergence of global behavior from local rules 85 5.3.2. Local interactions and node coordination 86 5.3.3. Minimizing network state information 86 5.3.4. Dynamic environment adaptation 87 5.4. Self-organization: a state of the art 87 5.4.1. Classification 87 5.4.2. Virtual backbone 88 5.4.3. Cauterization techniques 94 5.5. Case study and proposition of a solution 94 5.5.1. Motivations 94 5.5.2. Construction of virtual topology 95 5.5.3. Maintenance of virtual topology 98 5.5.4. Virtual topology properties 101 5.6. Contribution of self-organization 101 5.6.1. Energy saving 102 5.6.2. Influence of self-organization on routing 103 5.7. Conclusion 106 5.8. Bibliography 107 Chapter 6. Approaches to Ubiquitous Computing 111 Mohamed BAKHOUYA and Jaafar GABER 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Structured service discovery systems 114 6.2.1. Systems based on an indexing mechanism 114 6.2.2. Systems based on distributed hash 119 6.3. Unstructured service discovery systems 120 6.3.1. Flooding-based mechanism 120 6.3.2. Random walk-based mechanism 123 6.4. Comparison between structured and unstructured systems 124 6.5. Self-organizing and self-adaptive approach 125 6.5.1. Server community construction approach 126 6.5.2. Request resolution 129 6.6. Simulation results 135 6.7. Conclusion 137 6.8. Bibliography 137 Chapter 7. Service Discovery Protocols for MANETs 143 Abdellatif OBAID and Azzedine KHIR 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. Service discovery protocols 146 7.2.1. Service discovery protocols in wired networks 146 7.2.2. Service discovery in ad hoc networks150 7.2.3. Service discovery with routing 152 7.3. Conclusion 162 7.4. Bibliography 162 Chapter 8. Distributed Clustering in Ad Hoc Networks and Applications 165 Romain MELLIER and Jean-Frédéric MYOUPO 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. State of the art 166 8.2.1. Clustering in two hop clusters 167 8.2.2. Clustering at more than two hops 181 8.3. Clustering in networks where mobile devices may have the same weight 183 8.4. Applications 184 8.4.1. Initialization problem in k hop networks 185 8.4.2. Mutual exclusion in k hop networks 185 8.5. Conclusion 190 8.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 9. Security for Ad Hoc Routing and Forwarding 195 Sylvie LANIEPCE 9.1. Introduction 195 9.2. Reminders on routing protocols in ad hoc networks196 9.2.1. Reactive protocols 196 9.2.2. Proactive protocol 198 9.3. Routing threat model in ad hoc networks 199 9.3.1. Ad hoc network characterization for security 199 9.3.2. Classification of attack objectives 200 9.3.3. Basic attacks and security counter measures 200 9.4. Routing security 202 9.4.1. SRP: secure routing for mobile ad hoc networks 202 9.4.2. Secure ad hoc on-demand distance vector (SAODV) routing 204 9.4.3. Ariadne 205 9.4.4. ARAN: authenticated routing protocol for ad hoc networks 209 9.4.5. Secure dynamic source routing (SDSR) 210 9.4.6. EndairA 212 9.5. IP datagram forwarding security 213 9.5.1. Monitoring-based techniques 213 9.5.2. Technique based on packet acknowledgement 219 9.5.3. Cooperative incentive techniques based on virtual money 220 9.6. Conclusion 220 9.7. Acknowledgements 221 9.8. Bibliography 221 Chapter 10. Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithms for Scalable Systems 225 Sébastien TIXEUIL 10.1. Introduction 225 10.2. Distributed algorithms and wireless communications 226 10.3. Fault-tolerant distributed algorithms 228 10.3.1. Fault taxonomy in distributed systems 228 10.3.2. Fault-tolerant algorithm categories 230 10.4. The limits and problems caused by a large-scale system 232 10.4.1. Hypotheses about the system 232 10.4.2. Hypotheses on the applications 235 10.5. Solutions for large-scale self-stabilization 238 10.5.1. Restricting the nature of the faults 238 10.5.2. Limiting the geographic extent of faults 242 10.5.3. Classification 246 10.5.4. Limiting the classes of problems to solve 247 10.6. Conclusion 251 10.7. Bibliography 251 Chapter 11. Code Mobility in Sensor Networks 257 Fabrício A. SILVA, Linnyer B. RUIZ, José M. NOGUEIRA, Thais R. BRAGA and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Introduction 257 11.2. Concepts linked to code mobility 258 11.2.1. Process and object migration 259 11.2.2. Code mobility 259 11.2.3. Wireless sensor networks and code mobility 260 11.3. Project paradigms of code mobility systems 261 11.3.1. Client/server 261 11.3.2. Remote evaluation 262 11.3.3. Code on demand 262 11.3.4. Mobile agent 263 11.4. Mobile agents 263 11.4.1. Mobile agent components 265 11.4.2. Mobile agent system models 266 11.5. Modeling mobile agent systems for wireless sensor networks 268 11.5.1. Agent model 268 11.5.2. Life cycle model 268 11.5.3. Computing model 269 11.5.4. Security model 269 11.5.5. Communication model 270 11.5.6. Navigation model 270 11.6. State of the art 271 11.6.1. Remote and single hop reprogramming 271 11.6.2. Multihop reprogramming 272 11.6.3. Virtual machine reprogramming 274 11.6.4. Mobile target location application 275 11.7. Case study: mobile agents in WSN management 276 11.7.1. Objectives 276 11.7.2. Models 277 11.7.3. Evaluation 278 11.8. Conclusion 282 11.9. Bibliography 282 Chapter 12. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications: Applications and Perspectives 285 Rabah MERAIHI, Sidi-Mohammed SENOUCI, Djamal-Eddine MEDDOUR and Moez JERBI 12.1. Introduction 285 12.2. Properties and applications 287 12.2.1. Properties of VANETs 287 12.2.2. VANET applications 289 12.3. State of the art and study of the existing situation 292 12.3.1. Projects and consortiums 292 12.3.2. Study of the existing situation 294 12.4. Conclusion 303 12.5. Bibliography 304 List of Authors 309 Index 313