Biofuel Cells

Rapid industrialization and urbanization associated with the environment changes calls for reduced pollution and thereby least use of fossil fuels. Biofuel cells are bioenergy resources and biocompatible alternatives to conventional fuel cells. Biofuel cells are one of the new sustainable renewable energy sources that are based on the direct conversion of chemical matters to electricity with the aid of microorganisms or enzymes as biocatalysts. The gradual depletion of fossil fuels, increasing energy needs, and the pressing problem of environmental pollution have stimulated a wide range of research and development efforts for renewable and environmentally friendly energy. Energy generation from biomass resources by employing biofuel cells is crucial for sustainable development. Biofuel cells have attracted considerable attention as micro-  or even nano-power sources for implantable biomedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, implantable self-powered sensors, and biosensors for monitoring physiological parameters. This book covers the most recent developments and offers a detailed overview of fundamentals, principles, mechanisms, properties, optimizing parameters, analytical characterization tools, various types of biofuel cells, all-category of materials, catalysts, engineering architectures, implantable biofuel cells, applications and novel innovations and challenges in this sector. This book is a reference guide for anyone working in the areas of energy and the environment.

Preface xvii 1 Bioelectrocatalysis for Biofuel Cells 1 Casanova-Moreno Jannu, Arjona Noé and Cercado Bibiana 1.1 Introduction: Generalities of the Bioelectrocatalysis 2 1.2 Reactions of Interest in Bioelectrocatalysis 3 1.3 Immobilization of Biocatalyst 9 1.4 Supports for Immobilization of Enzymes and Microorganisms for Biofuel Cells 17 1.5 Electron Transfer Phenomena 25 1.6 Bioelectrocatalysis Control 34 1.7 Recent Applications of Bioelectrocatalysis 36 2 Novel Innovations in Biofuel Cells 53 Muhammet Samet Kilic and Seyda Korkut 2.1 Introduction to Biological Fuel Cells 53 2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63 3 Implantable Biofuel Cells for Biomedical Applications 69 Arushi Chauhan and Pramod Avti 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Biofuel Cells 72 3.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 75 3.4 Mechanism of Electron Transfer 80 3.5 Energy Sources in the Human Body 81 3.6 Biomedical Applications 83 3.7 Limitations 87 3.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 88 4 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 97 Rabisa Zia, Ayesha Taj, Sumaira Younis, Haq Nawaz Bhatti, Waheed S. Khan and Sadia Z. Bajwa 4.1 Introduction 98 4.2 Enzyme Used in EBFCs 99 4.3 Enzyme Immobilization Materials 103 4.4 Applications of EBFCs 111 4.5 Challenges 114 4.6 Conclusion 116 5 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC): Waste Matter to Electricity 123 Rustiana Yuliasni, Abudukeremu Kadier, Nanik Indah Setianingsih, Junying Wang, Nani Harihastuti and Peng-Cheng Ma 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Operating Principles of MFC 125 5.3 Main Components and Materials of MFCs 126 5.4 Current and Prospective Applications of MFC Technology 136 5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 138 6 Flexible Biofuel Cells: An Overview 145 Gayatri Konwar and Debajyoti Mahanta 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Biofuel Cells (BFCs) 149 6.3 Needs for Flexible Biofuel Cell 153 6.4 Conclusion 164 7 Carbon Nanomaterials for Biofuel Cells 171 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P. 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Types of Biofuel Cells 174 7.3 Carbon-Based Materials for Biofuel Cells 176 7.4 Applications of Biofuel Cells Using Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 193 7.5 Conclusion 197 8 Glucose Biofuel Cells 219 Srijita Basumallick 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Merits of BFC Over FC 220 8.3 Glucose Oxidize (GOs) as Enzyme Catalyst in Glucose Biofuel Cells 221 8.4 General Experimental Technique for Fabrication of Enzyme GOs Immobilized Electrodes for Glucose Oxidation 222 8.5 General Method of Characterization of Fabricated Enzyme Immobilized Working Electrode 223 8.6 Determination of Electron Transfer Rate Constant (ks) 224 8.7 Denaturation of Enzymes 225 8.8 Conclusions 225 9 Photochemical Biofuel Cells 229 Mohd Nur Ikhmal Salehmin, Rosmahani Mohd Shah, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Ibdal Satar and Siti Mariam Daud 9.1 Introduction 230 9.2 Photosynthetic Biofuel Cell (PS-BFC) 233 9.3 Photovoltaic-Biofuel Cell (PV-BFC) 238 9.4 Photoelectrode Integrated-Biofuel Cell (PE-BFC) 240 9.5 Potential Fuels Generation and Their Performance From PEC-BFC 247 9.6 Conclusion 252 10 Engineering Architectures for Biofuel Cells 261 Udaya Bhat K. and Devadas Bhat P. 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Role as Miniaturized Ones 264 10.3 Attractiveness 266 10.4 Architecture 270 10.5 Issues and Perspectives 282 10.6 Future Challenges in the Architectural Engineering 283 10.7 Conclusions 283 11 Biofuel Cells for Commercial Applications 299 Mohan Kumar Anand Raj, Rajasekar Rathanasamy, Moganapriya Chinnasamy and Sathish Kumar Palaniappan 11.1 Introduction 300 11.2 Classification of Electrochemical Devices Based on Fuel Confinement 303 11.3 Application of Biofuel Cells 307 11.4 Conclusion 312 12 Development of Suitable Cathode Catalyst for Biofuel Cells 317 Mehak Munjal, Deepak Kumar Yadav, Raj Kishore Sharma and Gurmeet Singh 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Reaction 321 12.3 Techniques for Evaluating ORR Catalyst 322 12.4 Cathode Catalyst in BFCs 326 12.5 Chemical Catalyst 327 12.6 Microbial Catalyst 332 12.7 Enzymatic Catalyst for Biofuel Cell 333 12.8 Conclusion 334 13 Biofuel Cells for Water Desalination 345 Somakraj Banerjee, Ranjana Das and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 Biofuel Cell 347 13.3 Biofuel Cells for Desalination: Microbial Desalination Cell 350 13.4 Factors Affecting the Performance and Efficiency of Desalination Cells 366 13.5 Current Challenges and Further Prospects 370 14 Conventional Fuel Cells vs Biofuel Cells 377 Naila Yamin, Wajeeha Khalid, Muhammad Altaf, Raja Shahid Ashraf, Munazza Shahid and Amna Zulfiqar 14.1 Bioelectrochemical Cell 378 14.2 Types 378 14.3 Biofuel Cells 395 14.4 Types of Biofuel Cells 399 14.5 Conclusion 413 15 State-of-the-Art and Prospective in Biofuel Cells: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability 423 Biswajit Debnath, Moumita Sardar, Khushbu K. Birawat, Indrashis Saha and Ankita Das 15.1 Introduction 423 15.2 Membrane-Based and Membrane-Less Biofuel Cells 425 15.3 Enzymatic Biofuel Cells 429 15.4 Wearable Biofuel Cells 432 15.5 Fuels for Biofuel Cells 434 15.6 Roadmap to Sustainability 434 15.7 Conclusion and Future Direction 438 16 Anodes for Biofuel Cells 449 Naveen Patel, Dibyajyoti Mukherjee, Ishu Vansal, Rama Pati Mishra and Vinod Kumar Chaudhary 16.1 Introduction 450 16.2 Anode Material Properties 451 16.3 Anode 452 16.4 Anode Modification 453 16.5 Challenge and Future Perspectives 456 16.6 Conclusion 457 17 Applications of Biofuel Cells 465 Joel Joseph, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor and Prabhakar Sivaraman 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Fuel Cell 467 17.3 Biofuel Cells 468 17.4 Implantable Devices Powered by Using Biofuel Cell 473 17.5 Single Compartment EBFCs 476 17.6 Extracting Energy from Human Perspiration Through Epidermal Biofuel Cell 476 17.7 Mammalian Body Fluid as an Energy Source 477 17.8 Implantation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cell in Living Lobsters 477 17.9 Biofuel Cell Implanted in Snail 477 17.10 Application of Biofuel Cell 478 17.11 Conclusion 479 References 479 Index 483