Vegetation Ecology

Additional resources for this book can be found at: http://www.wiley.com/go/vandermaarelfranklin/vegetationecology . Vegetation Ecology, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive, integrated account of plant communities and their environments. Written by leading experts in their field from four continents, the second edition of this book: covers the composition, structure, ecology, dynamics, diversity, biotic interactions and distribution of plant communities, with an emphasis on functional adaptations;  reviews modern developments in vegetation ecology in a historical perspective; presents a coherent view on vegetation ecology while integrating population ecology, dispersal biology, soil biology, ecosystem ecology and global change studies; tackles applied aspects of vegetation ecology, including management of communities and invasive species; includes new chapters addressing the classification and mapping of vegetation, and the significance of plant functional types Vegetation Ecology, 2nd Edition is aimed at advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers and teachers in plant ecology, geography, forestry and nature conservation. Vegetation Ecology takes an integrated, multidisciplinary approach and will be welcomed as an essential reference for plant ecologists the world over.

Contributors xi Preface xv 1 Vegetation Ecology: Historical Notes and Outline 1 Eddy van der Maarel and Janet Franklin 1.1 Vegetation ecology at the community level 1 1.2 Internal organization of plant communities 14 1.3 Structure and function in plant communities and ecosystems 17 1.4 Human impact on plant communities 20 1.5 Vegetation ecology at regional to global scales 22 1.6 Epilogue 24 References 24 2 Classification of Natural and Semi-natural Vegetation 28 Robert K. Peet and David W. Roberts 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 Classification frameworks: history and function 30 2.3 Components of vegetation classification 33 2.4 Project planning and data acquisition 35 2.5 Data preparation and integration 40 2.6 Community entitation 42 2.7 Cluster assessment 52 2.8 Community characterization 54 2.9 Community determination 58 2.10 Classification integration 60 2.11 Documentation 63 2.12 Future directions and challenges 64 References 65 3 Vegetation and Environment: Discontinuities and Continuities 71 Mike P. Austin 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Early history 72 3.3 Development of numerical methods 74 3.4 Current theory: continuum and community 78 3.5 Current indirect ordination methods 86 3.6 Species distribution modelling or direct gradient analysis 93 3.7 Synthesis 101 Acknowledgements 103 References 103 4 Vegetation Dynamics 107 Steward T.A. Pickett, Mary L. Cadenasso and Scott J. Meiners 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 The causes of vegetation dynamics 108 4.3 Succession in action: interaction of causes in different places 114 4.4 Common characteristics across successions 131 4.5 Summary 134 Acknowledgements 135 References 135 5 Clonality in the Plant Community 141 Brita M. Svensson, Håkan Rydin and Bengt Å. Carlsson 5.1 Modularity and clonality 141 5.2 Where do we find clonal plants? 145 5.3 Habitat exploitation by clonal growth 148 5.4 Transfer of resources and division of labour 151 5.5 Competition and co-existence in clonal plants 153 5.6 Clonality and herbivory 158 Acknowledgements 159 References 160 6 Seed Ecology and Assembly Rules in Plant Communities 164 Peter Poschlod, Mehdi Abedi, Maik Bartelheimer, Juliane Drobnik, Sergey Rosbakh and Arne Saatkamp 6.1 Ecological aspects of diaspore regeneration 164 6.2 Brief historical review 166 6.3 Dispersal 167 6.4 Soil seed bank persistence 177 6.5 Germination and establishment 180 6.6 Ecological databases on seed ecological traits 186 6.7 Seed ecological spectra of plant communities 186 6.8 Seed ecological traits as limiting factors for plant species occurrence and assembly 187 6.9 Seed ecological traits and species co-existence in plant communities 191 References 192 7 Species Interactions Structuring Plant Communities 203 Jelte van Andel 7.1 Introduction 203 7.2 Types of interaction 204 7.3 Competition 205 7.4 Allelopathy 211 7.5 Parasitism 212 7.6 Facilitation 215 7.7 Mutualism 218 7.8 Complex species interactions affecting community structure 221 7.9 Assembly rules 225 References 227 8 Terrestrial Plant-Herbivore Interactions: Integrating Across Multiple Determinants and Trophic Levels 233 Mahesh Sankaran and Samuel J. McNaughton 8.1 Herbivory: pattern and process 233 8.2 Coping with herbivory 241 8.3 The continuum from symbiotic to parasitic 247 8.4 Community level effects of herbivory 250 8.5 Integrating herbivory with ecosystem ecology 255 References 257 9 Interactions Between Higher Plants and Soil-dwelling Organisms 260 Thomas W. Kuyper and Ron G.M. de Goede 9.1 Introduction 260 9.2 Ecologically important biota in the rhizosphere 261 9.3 The soil community as cause and consequence of plant community composition 263 9.4 Specificity and selectivity 265 9.5 Feedback mechanisms 268 9.6 Soil communities and invasive plants 274 9.7 Mutualistic root symbioses and nutrient partitioning in plant communities 275 9.8 Mycorrhizal networks counteracting plant competition? 278 9.9 Pathogenic soil organisms and nutrient dynamics 279 9.10 After description 279 References 281 10 Vegetation and Ecosystem 285 Christoph Leuschner 10.1 The ecosystem concept 285 10.2 The nature of ecosystems 287 10.3 Energy flow and trophic structure 289 10.4 Biogeochemical cycles 299 References 305 11 Diversity and Ecosystem Function 308 Jan Lepš 11.1 Introduction 308 11.2 Measurement of species diversity 309 11.3 Determinants of species diversity in the plant community 315 11.4 Patterns of species richness along gradients 319 11.5 Stability 324 11.6 On the causal relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning 329 Acknowledgements 341 References 341 12 Plant Functional Types and Traits at the Community, Ecosystem and World Level 347 Andrew N. Gillison 12.1 The quest for a functional paradigm 347 12.2 Form and function: evolution of the ‘functional’ concept in plant ecology 348 12.3 The development of functional typology 348 12.4 Plant strategies, trade-offs and functional types 355 12.5 The mass ratio hypothesis 361 12.6 Functional diversity and complexity 362 12.7 Moving to a trait-based ecology – response and effect traits 363 12.8 Plant functional types and traits as bioindicators 370 12.9 Environmental monitoring 372 12.10 Trait-based climate modelling 374 12.11 Scaling across community, ecosystem and world level 376 12.12 Discussion 377 Acknowledgements 377 References 377 13 Plant Invasions and Invasibility of Plant Communities 387 Marcel Rejmánek, David M. Richardson and Petr Pyšek 13.1 Introduction 387 13.2 Definitions and major patterns 388 13.3 Invasibility of plant communities 393 13.4 Habitat compatibility 401 13.5 Propagule pressure and residence time 402 13.6 What are the attributes of successful invaders? 404 13.7 Impact of invasive plants, justification and prospects of eradication projects 413 References 418 14 Vegetation Conservation, Management and Restoration 425 Jan P. Bakker 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 From agricultural exploitation to nature conservation 427 14.3 Vegetation management in relation to a hierarchy of environmental processes 430 14.4 Laissez-faire and the wilderness concept 430 14.5 Management and restoration imply setting targets 433 14.6 Setting targets implies monitoring 437 14.7 Effects of management and restoration practices 438 14.8 Constraints in management and restoration 444 14.9 Strategies in management and restoration 447 References 450 15 Vegetation Types and Their Broad-scale Distribution 455 Elgene O. Box and Kazue Fujiwara 15.1 Introduction: vegetation and plant community 455 15.2 Form and function, in plants and vegetation 456 15.3 Vegetation types 464 15.4 Distribution of the main world vegetation types 466 15.5 Regional vegetation 469 15.6 Vegetation modelling and mapping at broad scales 472 15.7 Vegetation and global change 479 References 481 16 Mapping Vegetation from Landscape to Regional Scales 486 Janet Franklin 16.1 Introduction 486 16.2 Scale and vegetation mapping 489 16.3 Data for vegetation mapping 490 16.4 Methods for vegetation mapping 495 16.5 Examples of recent vegetation maps illustrating their different uses 500 16.6 Dynamic vegetation mapping 501 16.7 Future of vegetation mapping research and practice 502 Acknowledgements 503 References 503 17 Vegetation Ecology and Global Change 509 Brian Huntley and Robert Baxter 17.1 Introduction 509 17.2 Vegetation and climatic change 510 17.3 Confounding effects of other aspects of global change 518 17.4 Conclusions 525 References 527 Index 531 The color plate section can be found between pp. 272–273.