Silicon Nanoparticles

Methods of formulation of silicon nanoparticles, emphasizing the role of Si/SiO2NPs nanoparticles in various applications Silicon Nanoparticles presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, uptake, and applications of Silicon Nanoparticles (SiNPs), ranging from fundamental to advanced topics and placing particular emphasis on the green synthesis of Si/SiO2NPs and their roles as drug-delivery agents, nanofertilizers, and stress-relief agents. Each chapter is enriched with well-crafted figures, flowcharts, and tables to enhance reader comprehension, with future perspectives and detailed summaries included at the end of each chapter. Written by a team of highly qualified authors and contributed to by subject matter experts across fields, Silicon Nanoparticles includes information on: Traditional methods for the synthesis and characterization of SiNPs for biomedical applications and sustainable agriculture Green synthesis of SiNPs derived from plants and agricultural residues, covering innovative tools for human health, sustainable agriculture, and remediation of contaminated soil and water The role of Si/SiO2NPs in alleviating biotic stress caused by herbivory, heavy metal stress, heat stress, and drought Enhancing disease resistance in plants and treating cancer, dermatitis, other skin conditions, and bacterial infections in humans Silicon Nanoparticles is an essential reference for researchers in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science, environmental science, pollution remediation, agriculture, and agronomy to understand the diverse applications and potential benefits of SiNPs across various fields.

List of Contributors xxi Preface xxxi Acknowledgements xxxv Section ABasics of Nanotechnology and Its Applications 1 1 An Introduction to Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Applications and Ethical Issues 3 Aryadeep Roychoudhury, Shreyosi Pahari and Reeddhi Banerjee 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Methods of Synthesis of Nanoparticles 4 1.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Crop Improvement 10 1.4 Applications of Nanoparticles on Human Health 11 1.5 Risks of Using Nanoparticles 18 1.6 Ethical Issues of Nanoparticle Application 20 1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective 25 References 26 2 An Overview of the Synthesis and Delivery of Nanoparticles in Biological Organisms 37 Nikhil Bhosale and Tabassum Khan 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Methods of Synthesis of NPs 38 2.3 Methods of Delivery of NPs to Plants 48 2.4 Methods of Delivery of NPs in Animals 55 2.5 Impact of NPs on Biological Organisms 57 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 58 References 59 Section B Source and Synthesis of Si/SiO2 NPs 67 3 Traditional Methods of Synthesis and Characterization of SiNPs for Biomedical Applications and Sustainable Agriculture 69 Ruby Panwar and Anjana Rustagi 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles 72 3.3 Physical Methods 72 3.4 Ion Sputtering Technique 73 3.5 Arc Discharge Technique 74 3.6 Chemical Techniques 75 3.7 Chemical Vapour Deposition 76 3.8 Precipitation of Chemicals 76 3.9 Conclusion 78 3.10 Future Prospective 80 References 80 4 Green Synthesis of Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Application in Agriculture 87 P. Shaik Sha Valli Khan, V. Suneetha, S. Naseem, S. Khader Basha, P. Ganseh, K. Pallavi, D. Suresh and O.N. Tiwari 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Different Methods for the Synthesis of SiNPs 89 4.3 Characterization of SiNP/SiO2 97 4.4 Application of Si/SiO2 NPs in Agriculture 98 4.5 Toxic Effects and Safety Concerns 109 4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 110 References 111 5 ‘From Lab to Life’: An Overview of Synthesis and Delivery of Nanoparticles in Biological Organisms 125 Debjyoti Bandhu Banerjee, Kalpak Majumdar, Sagnik Goswami, Sayan Sadhukhan and Anirban Bhar 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Methods of Synthesis of NPs 126 5.3 Methods of Delivery of NPs for Animals 129 5.4 Methods of Delivery of NPs for Plants 132 5.5 Impact of NPs on Biological System 133 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 136 Acknowledgement 137 Glossary 137 References 138 6 Modes of Applications of Nanoparticles in Plants and Animals 147 Braulio Edgar Herrera Cabrera, Rafael Salgado Garciglia, Victor Manuel Ocaño Higuera, Luis Germán López Valdez, Alan Mendoza Alcantara, Francisco Javier Verduzco Miramón and Hebert Jair Barrales Cureño 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Fabrication and Characteristics of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles 148 6.3 Design of Silica Nanoparticles 149 6.4 Delivery of SiO2 in Plants 150 6.5 Pest and Disease Resistance in Plants 151 6.6 Delivery in Animals 152 6.7 Fluorescence Imaging 153 6.8 Phototherapy and MSN-Based Nanocarriers 154 6.9 Positron Emission Tomography 154 6.10 Biosensors 155 6.11 Conclusion 155 References 156 7 Technologies to Identify and Characterize Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles 161 Vaishali Raikwar 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 X-Ray-Based Techniques 163 7.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction Measurement 163 7.2.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 164 7.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 167 7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 168 7.5 Low-energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy 169 7.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 171 7.7 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 172 7.8 Others 173 7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective 178 Glossary 179 References 180 8 Technological Advancements for Characterization of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles 185 Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh 8.1 Introduction 185 8.2 Techniques for Identifying Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles 188 8.3 Characterization of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles 201 8.4 Importance of Colloidal Stability and Surface Charge 203 8.5 Conclusion 206 References 208 9 Uptake, Translocation and Consequences of Application of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles (SiNPs) in Plants 213 Arun Kumar Maurya, Sujata Rathi, Yogendra Prasad Saksena, Anupam Awasthi, Bharti Kaushik and Sheetal 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 Uptake of the Silicon and SiNPs 214 9.3 Translocation of SiNPs in Plants 225 9.4 Consequences of SiNP Application in Plants 228 9.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 243 References 243 Section C Applications of Si/SiO 2 NPs in Plants 263 10 Role of Si/SiO2 NPs in Mitigation of Biotic Stress Caused Due to Herbivory 265 Shrishti Naidu, Indrakant K. Singh and Archana Singh 10.1 Introduction 265 10.2 Impact of Herbivory on Crop Production 267 10.3 Application of Si/SiO2 NPs Causes Enhanced Plant Defence Against Herbivory 268 10.4 Cell Signalling During Si-Mediated Induced Plant Defence Against Herbivory 272 10.5 Mechanisms Involved in Si-Mediated Plant Defence Against Herbivory 272 10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 276 References 278 11 Role of Silicon and Silicon-Based Nanoparticles in Mitigation of Heat and Drought Stresses 287 Adeeb Rahman, Venkataraja V. Mokshith, Shashi Ranjan, Sumit Kumar Kashyap, Aman Prakash, Ayyagari Ramlal, Dhandapani Raju, Ambika Rajendran and Sreeramanan Subramaniam 11.1 Introduction 287 11.2 Impact of the Role of Si/SiO2 -NPs in Mitigating Drought and Heat Stresses 289 11.3 Application of Si/SiO2 -NPs Causing Tolerance 292 11.4 Effect of SiNPs Foliar Treatment on Physiological Parameters 295 11.5 Effects of SiNPs Treatment on Gene and Protein Expression 297 11.6 Mechanism of Si-Mediated Tolerance 299 11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospectives 303 References 304 12 Role of Si/SiO2 NPs in Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress 317 Naveen Kumar, Prabhavathi Venkat Raman and Archana Singh 12.1 Introduction 317 12.2 Impact of Si/SiO2 NPs in Mitigation of Heavy Metal Stress on Crop Production 319 12.3 Application of Si/SiO2 NPs Causes Tolerance Against Heavy Metal Stress 321 12.3.1 Seed Priming 322 12.4 Utilizing Si/SiO2 NPs in Conjunction with Biochar to Reduce Heavy Metal Stress 323 12.5 Mechanisms of Si-Mediated Tolerance to Heavy Metal Stress 325 12.6 Influence of Si/SiO2 NPs on Phytohormone 325 12.7 Effect of Si/SiO2 NPs on Photosynthesis and Reactive Oxygen Species 327 12.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective 330 References 330 13 Use of Nanomaterials as Nanofertilizers for Crop Betterment 341 Ankur Singh, Subhransu Panda, Sumali Sucharita and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 13.1 Introduction 341 13.2 Nanofertilizer and Agriculture 344 13.3 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Agriculture 345 13.4 Forms of Nanomaterial in Agriculture 348 13.5 Positive Effects of Nanomaterials 349 13.6 Nanotechnology Delivery System 353 13.7 Application of Nanoparticles in Plant Growth and Seed Germination 355 13.8 Nanoparticles in Abiotic Stress Response 356 13.9 Role of Nanotechnology in Plant Nutrition 358 13.10 Application of Nanotechnology in Seed Science 359 13.11 Positive Effects of Nanomaterials in Crop Protection 361 13.12 Nanotechnology and Safety 363 13.13 Safety and Regulations for Nanotechnology-Based Agri-products in India 364 13.14 Negative Effects of Nanomaterials on Plant Health 365 13.15 Conclusion 366 References 367 14 Benefits of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles in Developing Climate Resilient Crop Plants: Opportunities and Challenges 387 Sagnik Goswami, Sayan Sadhukhan, Kalpak Majumdar, Debjyoti Bandhu Banerjee and Anirban Bhar 14.1 Introduction 387 14.2 Climate Change: Facts and Consequences 389 14.3 ‘Climate Change–Loss of Productivity–Yield Improvement’: the Self-Damaging Loop 391 14.4 Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) in Plants due to Climate Change 392 14.5 Nanoparticles in Agriculture: A Way Towards Climate-Smart Stress-Tolerant Plants 393 14.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 406 Acknowledgement 406 Glossary 406 References 408 Section D Applications of Si/SiO2 NPs in Medicine and Remediation 419 15 Si/SiO2 NPs as a Versatile Tool for the Treatment of Cancer 421 Aarti Sharma, Disha Mittal, Archana Singh and Indrakant K. Singh 15.1 Introduction 421 15.2 Si/SiO2 NPs-Based Platforms for Cancer Therapy 422 15.3 Active Targeting Tumour Tissues Using Si/SiO2 NPs 425 15.4 Passive Targeting of Tumour Tissues Using Si/SiO2 NPs 429 15.5 Stimuli-Responsive Therapy Using MSNPs 434 15.6 External Stimuli Triggering Drug Delivery 437 15.7 Conclusion and Future Prospective 441 Glossary 442 References 442 16 Role of Silicon Nanoparticles (SiNPs) in the Treatment of Dermatitis 453 Aparna Sharma 16.1 Introduction 453 16.2 Dermatitis 454 16.3 Contact Dermatitis: Symptoms 454 16.4 Contact Dermatitis: Treatment 455 16.5 Contact Dermatitis: Immune Response 456 16.6 Contact Dermatitis: Treatment Utilizing Silicon Nanoparticles (SiNPs) 461 16.7 Conclusion 464 References 464 17 Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles as a Versatile Tool for the Treatment ofBacterialInfectionsinHuman 469 Maya Madhavan, Seena Thomas, R.S. Silpa, Ameen Pareesa Zidhiq and Sabeena Mustafa 17.1 Introduction 469 17.2 Different Types of Nanocomposites of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Biocompatibility and Biodistribution 471 17.3 Applications of Silica Nanoparticles in Antimicrobial Therapeutics 472 17.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective 479 References 480 18 Si/SiO2 NPs-Based Therapies for Diagnostic Applications 485 Nancy Sanjay Gupta, Shubham Kumar Shrivastav, Archana Singh and Indrakant K. Singh 18.1 Introduction 485 18.2 Diagnostic Applications of Si/SiO2 NPs 488 18.3 Advanced Diagnostic Techniques Using Si/SiO2 NPs 493 18.4 Combining Si/SiO2 NPs with AI Machine Learning 496 18.5 Si/SiO2 NPs in Combination with Other Nanomaterials 496 18.6 Biocompatibility and Toxicity 497 18.7 Current Clinical Applications 499 18.8 Challenges Due to Application of SiO2 NPs and Regulatory Considerations 505 18.9 Commercialization and Future Prospects 506 18.10 Conclusion 507 References 508 19 Si/SiO2 NPs as an Agent for Remediation of Contaminated Soil and Water 515 Upasana Medhi, Sampa Paul, Bharat Engleng, Ramesh Chandra Deka and Eeshan Kalita 19.1 Introduction 515 19.2 Pollutants and their Sources 518 19.3 Impact of Pollutants on Flora and Fauna 521 19.4 SiNPs-remediation of Agro-Pollutants 523 19.5 Nano-Silica-Mediated Remediation of Industrial Pollutants 530 19.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 538 Glossary 542 References 544 Section E Biosafety and Ethics 563 20 Environmental Impact, Risk Assessment and Biosafety Issues of Si/SiO2 NPs 565 Himanshu, Arun Kumar, Vikanksha and Jatinder Singh 20.1 Introduction 565 20.2 Environmental Fate and Transport 567 20.3 Ecotoxicity and Environmental Effects 569 20.4 Risk Assessment and Hazard Analysis 573 20.5 Fate and Transport Modelling 575 20.6 Environmental Monitoring and Surveillance 576 20.7 Biosafety and Health Implications 577 20.8 Risk Mitigation and Management 581 20.9 Conclusion 584 References 584 21 Ethical and Societal Considerations and Challenges of Si/SiO2 Nanoparticle Application 591 Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh 21.1 Introduction 591 21.2 Health Risks due to use of Si/SiO2 NPs: A Moral Issue 592 21.3 Moral Consideration for Environmental Sustainability 597 21.4 Societal Accessibility and Fairness 600 21.5 Ethical Concerns About Transparency and Informed Consent 603 21.6 Comprehensive Approach to Address Moral and Societal Impacts 606 21.7 Conclusion 608 References 609 Index 615