Unmanned Aircraft Systems

UNMANNED AIRCRAF T SYSTEMS UNMANNED AIRCRAF T SYSTEMS An unmanned aircraft system (UAS), sometimes called a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board ??? instead, the UAS can be controlled by an operator station on the ground or may be autonomous in operation. UAS are capable of addressing a broad range of applications in diverse, complex environments. Traditionally employed in mainly military applications, recent regulatory changes around the world are leading to an explosion of interest and wide-ranging new applications for UAS in civil airspace. Covering the design, development, operation, and mission profiles of unmanned aircraft systems, this single, comprehensive volume forms a complete, stand-alone reference on the topic. The volume integrates with the online Wiley Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, providing many new and updated articles for existing subscribers to that work. The chapters cover the following items: Airframe configurations and design (launch systems, power generation, propulsion) Operations (missions, integration issues, and airspace access) Coordination (multivehicle cooperation and human oversight) With contributions from leading experts, this volume is intended to be a valuable addition, and a useful resource, for aerospace manufacturers and suppliers, governmental and industrial aerospace research establishments, airline and aviation industries, university engineering and science departments, and industry analysts, consultants, and researchers.

Contributors vii Foreword xiii Preface xv Part 1 Introductory 1 1 UAS Uses, Capabilities, Grand Challenges 3 Part 2 Missions 15 2 Remote Sensing Methodology for Unmanned Aerial Systems 17 3 Autonomous Parachute-Based Precision Delivery Systems 29 4 Networked Multiple UAS 53 5 Weapons Integration 63 Part 3 Airframe Configurations 73 6 Classes and Missions of UAVs 75 7 Launch of UAVs 85 8 Recovery of UAVs 93 9 Development of Centimeter-Sized Aerial Vehicles 101 Part 4 UAS Design and Subsystems 111 10 Overview of UAS Control Stations 113 11 Propulsion Systems 125 12 Power Generation and Energy Management 133 13 Control System Mechanization 153 Part 5 Autonomy 165 14 Relative Navigation in GPS-Degraded Environments 167 15 Target Detection and Mission Planning Based on Pigeon-Inspired Optimization 177 16 Autonomy Architectures 197 17 Obstacle Avoidance: Static Obstacles 211 18 Guided Weapon and UAV Navigation and Path-Planning 217 19 Embedded UAS Autopilot and Sensor Systems 231 Part 6 Control 249 20 Modeling and Frequency-Domain Parameter Identification of a Small-Scale Flybarless Unmanned Helicopter 251 21 Trajectory Planning and Guidance 279 22 Sensor Fusion 295 Part 7 Human Oversight 317 23 Function Allocation between Human and Automation and between Air and Ground 319 24 Coordination with Manned Aircraft and Air Traffic Control 327 25 Aircraft Pilot and Operator Interfaces 335 Part 8 Multi-Vehicle Cooperation and Coordination 345 26 Multi-UAV Cooperation 347 27 Coordinated Standoff Tracking of Moving Ground Targets Using Multiple UAVs 357 28 Distributed Situational Awareness and Control 371 29 Cooperative Search, Reconnaissance, Surveillance 383 30 UAV Swarms: Decision-Making Paradigms 397 31 Integrated Health Monitoring for Multiple Air Vehicles 411 32 Cooperative Control for Multiple Air Vehicles 425 33 Flight Formation Control 435 Part 9 Airspace Access 447 34 Operational Profiles of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Context of the US Regulatory Regime 449 35 High Altitude: Among and Above Commercial Transport 465 36 Low-Altitude Rural to Urban Unmanned Aircraft System Operations 475 37 UAS in the Terminal Area: Challenges and Opportunities 489 38 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations in US Airspace 507 39 Aircraft Communications and Networking 523 40 Sense-and-Avoid System Based on Radar and Cooperative Sensors 533 41 Standards and Interoperability: A Systems Engineering Perspective 547 Part 10 Integration Issues: Safety, Security, Privacy 559 42 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) – Regulatory Policy and Processes: A Moving Landscape – A US Perspective 561 43 Requirements: Levels of Safety 579 44 Insurance as a Mission Enabler 589 45 Fail-Safe Systems from a UAS Guidance Perspective 599 46 UAS Reliability and Risk Analysis 615 47 Sense and Avoid: Systems and Methods 627 48 System and Cyber Security: Requirements, Modeling, and Management 637 49 Social and Legal Issues 651 Subject Index 661