History of Climate Change

Theories and opinions about climate change abound – from those claiming human-induced climate change is already beyond control to those who express scepticism about the real extent of these changes.  How should we weigh up the scientific evidence, and what role does climate change play in the history of the Earth? In this comprehensive history of the climate and climate change, Antonello Provenzale explains how the planetary climate system works and how the climate has evolved over millions of years.  Starting from the catastrophic events that marked the early history of the Earth, including seas of magma, global glaciations and mass extinctions, he demonstrates how the climate has fluctuated between hot and cold periods, with the Earth hot and lush with forests at certain times and almost entirely covered by a thick layer of ice at others.  The mechanisms that determine the modifications of the climate are multiple and complex and include external factors, such as solar luminosity and variations in the Earth's orbit, as well as internal processes connecting the atmosphere, the oceans, the crust, the mantle and the biosphere, composed of living organisms. While the climate has fluctuated a great deal over the Earth’s long history, there are two features of our current situation that are a source of real concern.  First, the rise in temperature of the last fifty years has been extremely fast, making it difficult for the environment to adapt to the new conditions.  Second, the human population is much greater than it was in the past, and this population needs water, food, energy and shelter to survive and flourish.  If temperatures continue to rise as they have in recent decades, ours will not be an easy world in which to live. To appreciate what is at stake, we need to understand how the climate works and how human activity is affecting it – not in order to save the planet, which will do just fine on its own and probably better without us, but to save ourselves.

Introduction 1.   From the Ocean of Magma to the Great Oxygenation 2.   A World of Fire and Ice 3.   Light Reflected, Light Re-radiated 4.   The Explosion that Changed the World 5.   Between Catastrophes and Opportunities 6.   The Living Planet 7.   Winds Up High and Currents in the Deep 8.   The Big Heat 9.   Rain, Snow and Clouds: The Planetary Water Cycle 10.  The Planet Cools 11.  The Breath of the Ice 12.  Agitated Ice 13.  Conquering the Planet 14.  The Age of Humanity 15.  Global Warming 16.  Arctic Sentinels 17.  The Mountain Heat 18.  Digital Twins 19.  Knowing in Order to Anticipate, Anticipating in Order to Act Conclusion: The Journey Continues Bibliography Notes Index