Rare Earth Elements

Explores innovations in the production of rare earths that would be more sustainable Rare earth elements are used in many modern technologies including electronics, clean energy, defense, aerospace, and automotive. It is important that increasing demand is met in ways that are more environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable than in the past. Rare Earth Elements: Sustainable Recovery, Processing, and Purification describes sources of rare earths and methods of production that have the potential to make recovery, processing, and purification more sustainable. Volume highlights include: Global overview of rare earth production, reserves, and resources Improvements in the recovery process to reduce costs and environmental impacts Potential new sources of rare earths that were not previously technically feasible Options for recovery of rare earths as byproducts of other activities Contributions from experts in academia, industry, government, research, and nonprofit organizations Learn more about this book in a Q&A with the editors. The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

List of Contributors vii Preface xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Rare Earth Industry Overview 1 Joseph Gambogi 2 Rare Earth Elements in Coal Fly Ash and Their Potential Recovery 27 James C. Hower, Allan Kolker, Heileen Hsu-Kim, and Desirée L. Plata 3 Recovering of Rare Earth Elements from Unconventional Resources: Bauxite Residue 75 Efthymios Balomenos, Panagiotis Davris, Dimitrios Panias, and Ioannis Paspaliaris 4 Rare Earths in Phosphate: Characterization and Extraction 99 Patrick Zhang, Haijun Liang, Zhen Jin, David DePaoli, Jan Miller, Chen-Luh Lin, and Raquel Crossman 5 Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Aqueous Solutions 167 Rick Peterson, Darwin Argumedo, and Michael Heinrichs 6 Separation of Rare Earth Elements by Crystallization 197 Kerstin Forsberg and Michael Svärd 7 Aqueous Electrochemical Processing of Rare Earth Elements: A Review 219 Eugene Engmann, Luis A. Diaz, Tedd E. Lister, and Haiyan Zhao Copyrighted Material 8 Beneficiation of Rare Earth Elements: Prospects for Biotechnology Deployment 251 Yoshiko Fujita, Dan Park, Margaret Lencka, Andre Anderko, David Reed, Vicki Thompson, Gaurav Das, Ali Eslamimanesh, and Yongqin Jiao 9 Adsorption-Based Separation and Recovery of Rare Earth Elements 299 Madhav Patel and Athanasios K. Karamalidis Index 377