Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis

Unique and authoritative reference combining concepts, theories, and hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis bridges the gap between academic discussions and research with public and private professional practices in the field. The book discusses and illustrates essential concepts and theories, with tutorials showing students how to conduct hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment. Supplementary material for this text includes data files for the tutorials and student exercises. All datasets are sourced from public domains, including the US Census Bureau data, the New York State ITS Geospatial Services, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the GIS Services of Erie County New York, and others. Written by a highly qualified academic, the book covers topics such as: Digital data models representing geographic information, including vector, raster, and 3D models Methods of spatial data input in vector and raster data formats to incorporate geographic features and events with their attribute data Geographic data collections in natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences, and relational, spatial, and structural querying of a database Coordinate systems, map projection, geo-referencing, geographic analyses, and internet-enabled geographic information sharing Spatial interpolation and spatial statistical analysis, network analysis, digital mapping, and map presentations Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis is an essential reference for GIS analysts and technicians, urban planners, civil engineers, and computer scientists, along with students in related programs of study.

Preface x Acknowledgment xi About the Author xii About the Companion Website xiii Part I Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1 1 Introduction to Analyses in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 3 Concepts and Theories 3 What Is an Information System? 6 What Does Geography Study? 7 What Is a GIS? 7 2 Digital Data Models Representing Geographic Information 37 Concepts and Theories 37 Vector Data Format 37 Points 38 Lines 39 Polygons or Areas 39 Raster Data Format 46 Run-length Encoding 49 Quadtree Method 50 Tracing or Digitizing 52 Extracting Vector Objects in Points, Lines, or Polygons from Raster Data 53 3D GIS Data Models or Data Format 53 Triangulated Irregular Network 53 Digital Elevation Models 54 LiDAR Point Cloud 54 Part II Fundamentals of Geographic Information Data Processing 81 3 Geographic Information Database and Database Management 83 Concepts and Theories 83 Methods of Spatial Data Input in Vector and Raster Data Formats 84 Incorporating Geographic Features and Events with Their Attribute Data 88 RDB, Spatial, and Structural Querying of Database 91 4 Geographic Information Data Gathering and Data Collections 121 Concepts and Theories 121 Geographic Information Primary (Original) Data Collections 121 Geographic Data Collections in Natural Science and Engineering: Survey of Geospatial Data 122 Geographic Data Collections in Social Sciences 130 Remote Sensing as the Method of GI Data Collections 133 5 Coordinate Systems, Map Projection, and Geo-referencing in GIS 171 Concepts and Theories 171 Modeling of the Earth 171 Horizontal and Vertical Datums for Measuring and Representing GIS Data 172 Geographic Coordinate System and Projected Coordinate Systems for GIS Data Referencing 172 Relative Geographic Coordinate (Referencing) Systems 184 Linear Referencing System 195 Part III Fundamentals of Geographic Information Analysis 217 6 Basic Spatial (Geographic) Analyses in Vector Data Environment 219 Concepts and Theories 219 Distance Calculation, Extract Spatial Data, and Create New Datasets 219 Buffering Operations 224 Overlay Spatial Data and Create New Datasets 226 Add and Calculate Attribute Fields in Spatial Datasets 232 Summarize, Calculate Statistics, and Aggregate Attributes or Features for Spatial Datasets 233 Model Relationships of Spatial Objects and Features 234 Discover Geographic Patterns of Spatial Objects and Features 237 7 Basic Spatial Analyses in Raster Data Environment 261 Concepts and Theories 261 Distance Operations 262 Local Raster Operations 265 Neighborhood or Focal Operations 269 Zonal Operations 270 Global Operations 271 Spatial Data (Map) Algebra 272 8 Three-dimensional (3D) Spatial Analyses 305 Concepts and Theories 305 Urban and Regional Planning 306 Part IV Advanced Concepts and Applications of Geographic Information Analysis 347 9 Spatial Interpolation and Spatial Statistical Analysis 349 Concepts and Theories 349 Spatial Descriptive Statistics 349 Spatial Inferential Statistics 357 Multi-variable Spatial Statistical Analysis 365 10 Network Analysis 417 Concepts and Theories 417 Utility or River Network Analysis 418 Fully Functioning or Transportation Network Analysis 430 11 Spatial (Geographic) Modeling in GIS and Issues of GIS Software Enhancement 471 Concepts and Theories 471 GIS Spatial Analysis and GIS Spatial Modeling 471 Part V Geographic Information Presentations and Digital Mapping 509 12 Digital Mapping, Map Presentations, Cartography, and Geographic Information Sharing – A Summary 511 Concepts and Theories 511 Principles of Symbolizing the Spatial Data on Digital Maps 512 Principles of Color and Color Schemes on Digital Maps 513 Attribute Data Types and Thematic Mapping in GIS 516 Symbolization of Vector Data on Digital Maps 517 Map Scale and Abstraction 521 Index 545