Global Climate Change and Human Health

Learn more about the impact of global warming and climate change on human health and disease The Second Edition of Global Climate Change and Human Health delivers an accessible and comprehensive exploration of the rapidly accelerating and increasingly ubiquitous effects of climate change and global warming on human health and disease. The distinguished and accomplished authors discuss the health impacts of the economic, climatological, and geopolitical effects of global warming. You'll learn about: The effect of extreme weather events on public health and the effects of changing meteorological conditions on human health How changes in hydrology impact the spread of waterborne disease and noninfectious waterborne threats Adaptation to, and the mitigation and governance of, climate change, including international perspectives on climate change adaptation Perfect for students of public health, medicine, nursing, and pharmacy, Global Climate Change and Human Health, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for anyone with an interest in the intersection of climate and human health and disease.

Contents  Dedication  Preface  Foreward: Climate Change and the Pandemic Acknoledgements  The Editors  The Contributors  Commentary on COVID-19, Climate Change, and Human Health...xxi Jay Lemery, Kim Knowlton, Cecilia Sorensen, and Hanna Lindstadt  Chapter 1  Primer on Climate Science...1 Christopher K. Uejio, James D. Tamerius, Yoonjung Ahn, and Elaina Gonsoroski  Scientific Consensus Weather, Climate Variability, Climate Change and Scientific Theory Energy Balance Evidence of a Changing Climate  Projected Future Climate Changes  Acknowledgement  References  Chapter 2  Climate Related Disasters: The Role of Prevention for Managing Health Risk...25 Mark E Keim Introduction  Global Trends Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, in General  Public Health Impact of Climate-Related Disasters, According to Hazard Managing the Health Risk of Climate-Related Disasters Summary  References  Chapter 3  Health Impacts of Extreme Heat...47  Xiangmei (May) Wu and Rupa Basu  Introduction Heat-Triggered Health Effects Factors Influencing Health Effects of Heat Exposure  Adaptation, Mitigation, and Resilience  Summary  References  Chapter 4  Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle and Waterborne Diseases...67 Jan C. Semenza  Changes in Hydrology Caused by Climate Change  Waterborne Pathogens Sensitive to Climate Change  Adaptation Strategies  Summary  Acknowledgment  Online Resources  References  Chapter 5  Degraded Air Quality...93 Kim Knowlton an Vijay S. Limaye  Climate Change and Air Quality  Air Pollutants Affected by Climate Change  Wildfires  Drought  Coccidiomycosis and Respiratory Health  Mold and Fungi  Air Pollution- Vulnerable Populations  Future Projections of Climate Change Effects on Air Pollution Mitigation: Health Benefits of Reducing Carbon Pollution and Assoicated Co-Pollutant Air Pollution Adaptation: Climate Health Preparedness and Reducing Air Pollution Vulnerability  Conclusion Online Resources References  Chapter 6  Potential Risks from Cyanobacterial and Algal Blooms...115 J.S Metcalf and N.R. Souza  Introduction  Toxic Producing Groups of Algae  Effects of Cyanobacterial and Algal Toxins  How Will Climate Change Affect Algal and Cyanobacterial Blooms and Toxins?  Long-Term Solutions and Remediation  Emerging Questions and Conclusions  References  Chapter 7  Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, and Public Health: The Plant Biology Perspective...131 Lewis H. Ziska and Kristie L. Ebi  Introduction  Direct Consequences  Indirect Consequences  Conclusion  References  Chapter 8  Climate and Its Impact on Vector-Borne Diseases...151 Andrea G. Buchwald, Jada F. Garofalo, Kenneth L. Gage, Charles B. Beard, and Rosemary Rochford Arboviruses Malaria Lyme Disease in the United States Summary and Conclusions References  Chapter 9  Food Systems Transformation: Toward Sustainable and Healthy Diets for All...171 Cristina Tirado  Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Food Security and Malnutrition  Vulnerability to Climate Impacts on Food Insecurity and Malnutrition  Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases and Emerging Risks  Integrated Multisectoral Adapation for Malnutrition Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems and Dietary Patterns  Conclusions References  Chapter 10  Climate Change and Population Mental Health...187  Salma M. Abdalla, Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed, and Sandro Galea  Overview  Climate Change Effect on Mental Health: Mechanisms  High Ambient Temperature and Heatwaves Natural Disasters  Forced Migration  Economics, Geopolitics, and Violent Conflict  Phsyical Health  A Disproportionate Burden  Common Causes of Climate Change and Mental Health Conclusion  References  Chapter 11  Worker Health...203 Miranda Dally and Lee S. Newman  Introduction  Hazards Migrant Workers and Climate Change  Adaptation and Response  Worker, Family, and Societal Burden  Conclusions References  Chapter 12  Women's Health and Climate Change: The Impact of Gender...223 Tracy A. Cushing and Cecilia J. Sorensen  Introduction Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change on Women  Temperature  Air Quality  Climate-Related Disasters and Forced Migration Food Insecurity  Water Scarcity Infectious Diseases and Vector-Borne Illness  The Role of Women and Gener in Climate Change Policy and Planning  Summary  References Chapter 13  Climate Modeling for Health Impacts...235 Kristopher B. Karnauskas  Greenhouse Gases and Radiative Forcing What Is a Global Climate Model? Global Climate Models and Global Change Science  Summary and Closing Remarks References  Chapter 14  Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessments: New Approaches and Tools for Adaptation Planning...249  Peter Berry, Kristie L. Ebi, Rebekka Schnitter, Louise Aubin, and Sherilee Harper  Introduction The Role of Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Preparing for Climate Change Impacts on Health Methods for Undertaking a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment  The Path Forward: Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments Summary  References  Chapter 15  Climate Change Health Impact Projections: Looking into the Future...267 Nikhil A. Ranadive and Jeremy J. Hess  A Conceptual Overview of Climate Change Health Impact Projection Modeling The Role of GCM Projections The Role of Scenarios  Characterizations of Projected Exposures Choosing and Quantifying Exposure-Outcome Associations Projecting Health Impacts of Extreme Weather Events  Comparisons and the Counterfactual  Merging Data Streams in the Climate Change Health Impact Model  Climate Change Health Impact Projections in the Health Literature  Characterization of Risk  Frontiers in Climate Change Health Impact Projection Summary  References  Chapter 16  Protecting Environmental Justice Communities from the Detrimental Impacts of Climate Change...289 Cecilia Martinez and Nicky Sheats  Introduction Climate Resiliency and Environmental Justice  Cumulative Impacts, Environmental Justice and Climate Change  Air Quality, Environmental Justice and Climate Change  Heat Waves, Environmental Justice and Climate Change  Extreme Weather Events and Environmental Justice  Indigenous Rights and Climate Change  Next Steps  Summary  References and Further Reading  Chapter 17  Climate Change Communication...307 Adam Corner, Chris Shaw, Stuart Capstick, and Nick Pidgeon Introduction Public Understanding of Climate Change and Principle of Climate Change Communication Communicating the Impacts of Climate Change  Communicating Climate Change through a Focus on Piublic Health  Summary  References and Further Reading  Chapter 18  International Perspective on Climate Change Adaptation  Kristie L. Ebi  Introduction  Historical Perspective  International Framework for Adaptation Assessing Adaptation Needs and Options NAPAs and NAPs  Adaptation Option Summary  References  Chapter 19  Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation Strategies...343  Elizabeth J. Carlton, Amber S. Khan, and Justin V. Remais  Introduction  Climate Mitigation  Estimating the Health Co-Benefits of Climate Mitigation  Climate Mitigation Health Co-Benefits by Sector  Challenges and Considerations Summary  References  Chapter 20  International Institutions and Global Governance on Climate Change...365 Ambereen K. Shaffie  Introduction  Challenges to Creating Effective Health-Climate Policies  International Governance Structures Addressing Climate Mitigation An Introduction to Legal Instruments Relevant to the Health-Climate Nexus Climate Negotiations Conclusion References and Further Reading  Chapter 21  Climate Change and the Right to Health...393  Alison Blaiklock, Carmel Williams, and Rhys Jones  Introduction  What are Human Rights?  What is the Right to Health?  Climate Crisis Impacts on the Right to Health Unjust Disparities  Human Rights-Based Approaches to the Climate Crisis Summary  References  Chapter 22  Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction...407 Virginia Murray, Debra Parkinson, and Ellen Bloomer  Overview  Climate-Related Disasters and Their Impacts The 2015 UN Landmark Agreements  The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction WHO's Role in the Implementation of the Sendai Framework  Roles and Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Implementing the Sendai Framework  Summary  References  Chapter 23  Climate Change and Forced Migration  Craig Spencer, Amit Chandra, and Micaela Y. Arthur   Introduction  The Decision to Migrate  Climate Change and Migration: A Geographic Perspective  International Frameworks and Conventions Governing Forced Migrant Protection  Climate Change Risks and Forced Migration  Summary  Online Resources  References  Chapter 24  Valuing Climate Change Impacts on Human Health...433 Allison Crimmins  Introduction: Why Do We Value the Climate Change Impacts on Human Health? Economic Valuation  Economic Models  Exmaples of Health Damage Estimates from Climate Change  Summary  References  Chapter 25  Health Care System Resilience...455 Caitlin S. Rublee, Emilie Calvello Hynes and John M. Balbus  Introduction  Definitions  Impacts of Extreme Weather Events on Health Care Systems  Natural Systems and Resources International Frameworks for Health Care System Resilience  Green and Resilient Health Care  Case Studies  Econimics and Equity  Research Needs  Summary  References  Chapter 26  Health Professional Climate Engagement...477 Amy Collins, Shanda Demorest, and Sarah Spengeman  Introduction Social Movements  Advocacy within the Health Care Sector  Clinically Sustainable Health Care  Health Professional Leadership for Broader Social Change  Encouraging Trends  Summary  Online Resources  References  Chapter 27  Specific Impacts Upon Human Health...497 Caleb Dresser and Satchit Balsari  Introduction Cardiovascular Disease  Respiratory Disease  Pneumonic Plague  Pulmonary Hantavirus Renal Disease  Neurologic Disease Reproductive Health and Disease  Ocular Disease  Hematology and Oncology  Psychiatric Disease  Dermatologic Disease  Gastrointestinal Disease  Endocrine Disease  Multisystem Heat-Related Illness Infectious Disease, Immunology and Toxicology Summary  References Chapter 28  Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity...521 Richard Salkowe and Mark R. Hafen  Introduction Causes and Consequences of Biodiversity Loss Historical Perspective  Biodiversity loss in the 21st Century  Marine and Coastal Ecosystems  Polar Ocean Ecosystems  Coastal Ecosystems  Rainforest Ecosystems  Desert Ecosystems  Mountain Ecosystems  Summary  References  Chapter 29  Ecosystem Services...537  Lydia Olander, Sara Mason, Heather Tallis, Joleah Lamb, Yuta J. Masuda and Randall Kramer What are Ecosystem Services?  How does Climate Change Affect Ecosystem Services that Have an Impact on Human Health? Ecosystem Solutions that Reduce Climate Change Impacts on Human Health  Summary  References  Chapter 30  Climate Change and Health in Alaska...561  Micah Hahn  Introduction Environmental Change in Alaska  How is Alaska Different from the Contiguous United States? Climate-Related Health Impacts in Alaska  OneHealth  Surveillance for Climate-Related Exposures and Health Outcomes in Alaska  Climate Adaptation Planning in Alaska  Next Steps in Addressing Climate and Health in Alaska  Conclusion  Acknowledgement  References  Chapter 31  The Global Energy Transition and Public Health in a Changing Climate...583 Hanna Linstadt, Cecilia J. Sorensen and Morgan D. Bazilian  Introduction Current Trends in Global Energy Supply  The Energy Transition and Climate Change  Global Energy Poverty and the SDGs  Clean Energy Transitions and Health  Conclusion  References  Loss of Coral Reefs...591  Carolyn Sotka  The Nurses Climate Challenge: A Model for Health Professional Climate Action...600 Shanda Demorset  Glossary  Index