Analog Integrated Circuit Design

When first published in 1996, this text by David Johns and Kenneth Martin quickly became a leading textbook for the advanced course on Analog IC Design. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated by Tony Chan Carusone, a University of Toronto colleague of Drs. Johns and Martin.  Dr. Chan Carusone is a specialist in analog and digital IC design in communications and signal processing. This edition features extensive new material on CMOS IC device modeling, processing and layout.  Coverage has been added on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade, such as generalized integer-N phase locked loops and their phase noise analysis, voltage regulators, and 1.5b-per-stage pipelined A/D converters.  Two new chapters have been added to make the book more accessible to beginners in the field: frequency response of analog ICs; and basic theory of feedback amplifiers.

CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 1 1.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1 1.2 MOS Transistors 14 1.3 Device Model Summary 38 1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 42 1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 50 1.6 Passive Devices 54 1.7 Appendix 60 1.8 Key Points 68 1.9 References 69 1.10 Problems 69 CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73 2.1 CMOS Processing 73 2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86 2.3 Variability and Mismatch 96 2.4 Analog Layout Considerations 103 2.5 Key Points 113 2.6 References 114 2.7 Problems 114 CHAPTER 3 BASIC CURRENT MIRRORS AND SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 117 3.1 Simple CMOS Current Mirror 118 3.2 Common-Source Amplifier 120 3.3 Source-Follower or Common-Drain Amplifier 122 3.4 Common-Gate Amplifier 124 3.5 Source-Degenerated Current Mirrors 127 3.6 Cascode Current Mirrors 129 3.7 Cascode Gain Stage 131 3.8 MOS Differential Pair and Gain Stage 135 3.9 Key Points 138 3.10 References 139 3.11 Problems 139 CHAPTER 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 144 4.1 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 144 4.2 Frequency Response of Elementary Transistor Circuits 165 4.3 Cascode Gain Stage 181 4.4 Source-Follower Amplifier 187 4.5 Differential Pair 193 4.6 Key Points 197 4.7 References 198 4.8 Problems 199 CHAPTER 5 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 204 5.1 Ideal Model of Negative Feedback 204 5.2 Dynamic Response of Feedback Amplifiers 208 5.3 First- and Second-Order Feedback Systems 213 5.4 Common Feedback Amplifiers 220 5.5 Summary of Key Points 235 5.6 References 235 5.7 Problems 236 CHAPTER 6 BASIC OPAMP DESIGN AND COMPENSATION 242 6.1 Two-Stage CMOS Opamp 242 6.2 Opamp Compensation 254 6.3 Advanced Current Mirrors 261 6.4 Folded-Cascode Opamp 268 6.5 Current Mirror Opamp 275 6.6 Linear Settling Time Revisited 279 6.7 Fully Differential Opamps 281 6.8 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits 288 6.9 Summary of Key Points 292 6.10 References 293 6.11 Problems 294 CHAPTER 7 BIASING, REFERENCES, AND REGULATORS 302 7.1 Analog Integrated Circuit Biasing 302 7.2 Establishing Constant Transconductance 307 7.3 Establishing Constant Voltages and Currents 310 7.4 Voltage Regulation 321 7.5 Summary of Key Points 327 7.6 References 327 7.7 Problems 328 CHAPTER 8 BIPOLAR DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 331 8.1 Bipolar-Junction Transistors 331 8.2 Bipolar Device Model Summary 344 8.3 SPICE Modeling 345 8.4 Bipolar and BICMOS Processing 346 8.5 Bipolar Current Mirrors and Gain Stages 349 8.6 Appendix 356 8.7 Summary of Key Points 359 8.8 References 360 8.9 Problems 360 CHAPTER 9 NOISE AND LINEARITY ANALYSIS AND MODELLING 363 9.1 Time-Domain Analysis 363 9.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 367 9.3 Noise Models for Circuit Elements 377 9.4 Noise Analysis Examples 387 9.5 Dynamic Range Performance 397 9.6 Key Points 405 9.7 References 406 9.8 Problems 406 CHAPTER 10 COMPARATORS 413 10.1 Comparator Specifications 413 10.2 Using an Opamp for a Comparator 415 10.3 Charge-Injection Errors 418 10.4 Latched Comparators 426 10.5 Examples of CMOS and BiCMOS Comparators 431 10.6 Examples of Bipolar Comparators 437 10.7 Key Points 439 10.8 References 440 10.9 Problems 440 CHAPTER 11 SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AND TRANSLINEAR CIRCUITS 444 11.1 Performance of Sample-and-Hold Circuits 444 11.2 MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics 446 11.3 Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits 452 11.4 Bipolar and BiCMOS Sample-and-Holds 456 11.5 Translinear Gain Cell 460 11.6 Translinear Multiplier 462 11.7 Key Points 464 11.8 References 465 11.9 Problems 466 CHAPTER 12 CONTINUOUS-TIME FILTERS 469 12.1 Introduction to Continuous-Time Filters 469 12.2 Introduction to Gm-C Filters 471 12.3 Transconductors Using Fixed Resistors 479 12.4 CMOS Transconductors Using Triode Transistors 484 12.5 CMOS Transconductors Using Active Transistors 493 12.6 Bipolar Transconductors 500 12.7 BiCMOS Transconductors 506 12.8 Active RC and MOSFET-C Filters 509 12.9 Tuning Circuitry 516 12.10 Introduction to Complex Filters 525 12.11 Key Points 531 12.12 References 532 12.13 Problems 534 CHAPTER 13 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS 537 13.1 Overview of Some Signal Spectra 537 13.2 Laplace Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals 537 13.3 z-Transform 541 13.4 Downsampling and Upsampling 543 13.5 Discrete-Time Filters 545 13.6 Sample-and-Hold Response 552 13.7 Key Points 554 13.8 References 555 13.9 Problems 555 CHAPTER 14 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CIRCUITS 557 14.1 Basic Building Blocks 557 14.2 Basic Operation and Analysis 560 14.3 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 570 14.4 First-Order Filters 572 14.5 Biquad Filters 577 14.6 Charge Injection 585 14.7 Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits 588 14.8 Correlated Double-Sampling Techniques 593 14.9 Other Switched-Capacitor Circuits 594 14.10 Key Points 600 14.11 References 601 14.12 Problems 602 CHAPTER 15 DATA CONVERTER FUNDAMENTALS 606 15.1 Ideal D/A Converter 606 15.2 Ideal A/D Converter 608 15.3 Quantization Noise 609 15.4 Signed Codes 612 15.5 Performance Limitations 614 15.6 Key Points 620 15.7 References 620 15.8 Problems 620 CHAPTER 16 NYQUIST-RATE D/A CONVERTERS 623 16.1 Decoder-Based Converters 623 16.2 Binary-Scaled Converters 628 16.3 Thermometer-Code Converters 634 16.4 Hybrid Converters 640 16.5 Key Points 642 16.6 References 643 16.7 Problems 643 CHAPTER 17 NYQUIST-RATE A/D CONVERTERS 646 17.1 Integrating Converters 646 17.2 Successive-Approximation Converters 650 17.3 Algorithmic (or Cyclic) A/D Converter 662 17.4 Pipelined A/D Converters 665 17.5 Flash Converters 673 17.6 Two-Step A/D Converters 677 17.7 Interpolating A/D Converters 680 17.8 Folding A/D Converters 683 17.9 Time-Interleaved A/D Converters 687 17.10 Key Points 690 17.11 References 691 17.12 Problems 692 CHAPTER 18 OVERSAMPLING CONVERTERS 696 18.1 Oversampling without Noise Shaping 696 18.2 Oversampling with Noise Shaping 702 18.3 System Architectures 711 18.4 Digital Decimation Filters 714 18.5 Higher-Order Modulators 718 18.6 Bandpass Oversampling Converters 721 18.7 Practical Considerations 722 18.8 Multi-Bit Oversampling Converters 727 18.9 Third-Order A/D Design Example 730 18.10 Key Points 732 18.11 References 734 18.12 Problems 735 CHAPTER 19 PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 738 19.1 Basic Phase-Locked Loop Architecture 738 19.2 Linearized Small-Signal Analysis 748 19.3 Jitter and Phase Noise 756 19.4 Electronic Oscillators 765 19.5 Jitter and Phase Noise in PLLS 777 19.6 Key Points 781 19.7 References 782 19.8 Problems 782 INDEX 787