Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling

Over the past decades, geological survey organizations have digitized their data handling and holdings, unlocking vast amounts of data and information for computer processing. They have undertaken 3-D modeling alongside, and in some cases instead of, conventional geological mapping and begun delivering both data and interpretations to increasingly diverse stakeholder communities. Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling provides a citable central source that documents the current capabilities and contributions of leading geological survey organization and other practitioners in industry and academia that are producing multidimensional geological models. This book focuses on applications related to human interactions with conditions in the shallow subsurface, within 100-200 m of the surface. The 26 chapters, developed by 100 contributors associated with 37 organizations, discuss topics relevant to any geologist, scientist, engineer, urban planner, or decision maker whose practice includes assessment or planning of underground space.

List of Contributors xxi Acknowledgments xxviii Part I Introduction and Background 1 1 Introduction to Modeling Terminology and Concepts 3 Alan Keith Turner, Holger Kessler, and Michiel J. van der Meulen 2 Geological Survey Data and the Move from 2-D to 4-D 13 Martin Culshaw, Ian Jackson, Denis Peach, Michiel J. van der Meulen, Richard Berg, and Harvey Thorleifson 3 Legislation, Regulation, and Management 35 Brian Marker and Alan Keith Turner 4 The Economic Case for Establishing Subsurface Ground Conditions and the Use of Geological Models 69 Jennifer Gates Part II Building and Managing Models 93 5 Overview and History of 3-D Modeling Approaches 95 Andrew J. Stumpf, Donald A. Keefer, and Alan Keith Turner 6 Effective and Efficient Workflows 113 Donald A. Keefer and Jason F. Thomason 7 Data Sources for Building Geological Models 133 Abigail K. Burt, Phillip Sirles, and Alan Keith Turner 8 Data Management Considerations 183 Martin L. Nayembil 9 Model Creation Using Stacked Surfaces 211 Jason F. Thomason and Donald A. Keefer 10 Model Creation Based on Digital Borehole Records and Interpreted Geological Cross-Sections 235 Benjamin Wood and Holger Kessler 11 Models Created as 3-D Cellular Voxel Arrays 247 Jan Stafleu, Denise Maljers, Freek S. Busschers, Jeroen Schokker, Jan L. Gunnink, and Roula M. Dambrink 12 Integrated Rule-Based Geomodeling – Explicit and Implicit Approaches 273 Martin Ross, Amanda Taylor, Samuel Kelley, Simon Lopez, Cécile Allanic, Gabriel Courrioux, Bernard Bourgine, Philippe Calcagno, Séverine Carit, and Sunseare Gabalda 13 Discretization and Stochastic Modeling 295 Alan Keith Turner 14 Linkage to Process Models 319 Geoff Parkin, Elizabeth Lewis, Frans van Geer, Aris Lourens, Wilbert Berendrecht, James Howard, Denis Peach, and Nicholas Vlachopoulos 15 Uncertainty in 3-D Geological Models 357 Marco Bianchi, Alan Keith Turner, Murray Lark, and Gabriel Courrioux Part III Using and Disseminating Models 383 16 Emerging User Needs in Urban Planning 385 Miguel Pazos Otón, Rubén C. Lois González, Ignace P.A.M. van Campenhout, Jeroen Schokker, Carl Watson, and Michiel J. van der Meulen 17 Providing Model Results to Diverse User Communities 403 Peter Wycisk and Lars Schimpf Part IV Case Studies 427 18 Application Theme 1 – Urban Planning 429 Editor’s Introduction 429 Case Study 18.1: Integrated 3-D Modeling of the Urban Underground of Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany 430 Rouwen Lehné, Christina Habenberger, Jacob Wächter, and Heiner Heggemann 19 Application Theme 2 – Groundwater Evaluations 457 Editor’s Introduction 457 Case Study 19.1: Three-dimensional Geological Modeling of the Uppsala Esker to Evaluate the Supply of Municipal Water to the City of Uppsala 458 Eva Jirner, P-O. Johansson, and Duncan McConnachie 20 Application Theme 3 – Geothermal Heating and Cooling 479 Editor’s Introduction 479 Case Study 20.1: Assessing Shallow Geothermal Resources at Zaragoza, Northeast Spain, with 3-D Geological Models 480 Alejandro García-Gil, Miguel Á. Marazuela, Violeta Velasco, Mar Alcaraz, Enric Vázquez-Suñé, and Albert Corbera 21 Application Theme 4 – Regulatory Support 501 Editor’s Introduction 501 Case Study 21.1: The use of 3-D Models to Manage the Groundwater Resources of the Lower Greensand Confined Aquifer, Hertfordshire and North London, England 502 Catherine Cripps, Michael Kehinde, Melinda Lewis, and Marieta Garcia-Bajo 22 Application Theme 5 – Geohazard and Environmental Risk Applications 519 Editor’s Introduction 519 Case Study 22.1: Christchurch City, New Zealand, 3-D Geological Model Contributes to Post-Earthquake Rebuilding 520 Mark S. Rattenbury, John G. Begg, and Katie E. Jones 23 Application Theme 6 – Urban Infrastructure 555 Editor’s Introduction 555 Case Study 23.1: Design and Construction of a New Crossrail Station in London Assisted by a 3-D Ground Model 556 Angelos Gakis, Paula Cabrero, and David Entwisle 24 Application Theme 7 – Building and Construction 573 Editor’s Introduction 573 Case Study 24.1: Three-Dimensional Volume Change Potential Modeling in the London Clay 573 Lee Jones, Ricky Terrington, and Andy Hulbert 25 Application Theme 8 – Historical Preservation and Anthropogenic Deposits 595 Editor’s Introduction 595 Case Study 25.1: Evaluating Geological and Anthropogenic Deposits at the Bryggen World Heritage Site, Bergen, Norway 596 Johannes de Beer and Jonathan R. Ford Part V Future Possibilities and Challenges 619 26 Anticipated Technological Advances 621 Matthew Lato, Robin Harrap, and Kelsey MacCormack Index 635