Handbook of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy In Vivo

This handbook covers the entire field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a unique method that allows the non-invasive identification, quantification and spatial mapping of metabolites in living organisms–including animal models and patients. Comprised of three parts: Methodology covers basic MRS theory, methodology for acquiring, quantifying spectra, and spatially localizing spectra, and equipment essentials, as well as vital ancillary issues such as motion suppression and physiological monitoring. Applications focuses on MRS applications, both in animal models of disease and in human studies of normal physiology and disease, including cancer, neurological disease, cardiac and muscle metabolism, and obesity. Reference includes useful appendices and look up tables of relative MRS signal-to-noise ratios, typical tissue concentrations, structures of common metabolites, and useful formulae. About eMagRes Handbooks eMagRes (formerly the Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance) publishes a wide range of online articles on all aspects of magnetic resonance in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. The existence of this large number of articles, written by experts in various fields, is enabling the publication of a series of eMagRes Handbooks on specific areas of NMR and MRI. The chapters of each of these handbooks will comprise a carefully chosen selection of eMagRes articles. In consultation with the eMagRes Editorial Board, the eMagRes Handbooks are coherently planned in advance by specially-selected Editors, and new articles are written to give appropriate complete coverage. The handbooks are intended to be of value and interest to research students, postdoctoral fellows and other researchers learning about the scientific area in question and undertaking relevant experiments, whether in academia or industry. Have the content of this handbook and the complete content of eMagRes at your fingertips! Visit the eMagRes Homepage

Contributors xv Series Preface xxv Preface xxvii Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix Part A: Methodology 1 Basics 3 1 Basics of NMR Paul A. Bottomley 5 2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Instrumentation David Hoult 29 3 Detection Coils for MRS J. Thomas Vaughan, Russell Lagore, and Jinfeng Tian 47 4 APracticalGuidetoInVivoMRS Dominick J.O. McIntyre 65 Localization 75 5 Adiabatic Excitation Pulses for MRS Robin A. de Graaf 77 6 Localized MRS Employing Radiofrequency Field (B 1)Gradients Michael Garwood 91 7 Single Voxel MRS Geoffrey S. Payne 107 8 Chemical Shift Imaging with Phase and Sensitivity Encoding Michael Schär, Bernhard Strasser, and Ulrike Dydak 121 9 Encoding and Decoding with Prior Knowledge: From SLIM to SPICE Chao Ma, Fan Lam, and Zhi-Pei Liang 141 10 Accurate Localized Spectroscopy from Anatomically Matched Regions with Optimal Spatial Response Function Markus von Kienlin 151 11 Accelerated Spatially-Encoded MRS of Arbitrarily-Shaped Compartments Using Linear Algebraic Modeling Paul A. Bottomley and Yi Zhang 163 12 High-Speed Spatial–Spectral Encoding with Echo-Planar and Spiral Spectroscopic Imaging Stefan Posse and Xiaoping Hu 185 13 Direct Water–Fat Imaging Methods: Chemical Shift-Selective and Chemical Shift-Encoded MRI Houchun Harry Hu and Diego Hernando 203 Physiological Monitoring 223 14 Physiological Maintenance in Animal Experiments Davina J. Honess 225 15 Physiological Maintenance in MRI and MRS of Large Animals Rebecca A. Krimins and Dara L. Kraitchman 235 16 Physiological Monitoring in Human MRS Virginia Newcombe and David Menon 249 17 Physiologic Motion: Dealing with Cardiac, Respiratory, and Other Sporadic Motion in MRS Michael Schär 263 Data Analysis 275 18 Quantifying Spectra in the Frequency Domain Subechhya Pradhan, Brian J. Soher, and Peter B. Barker 277 19 Quantifying Spectra in the Time Domain Dirk van Ormondt, Danielle Graveron-Demilly, Diana M. Sima, Sabine Van Huffel, and Stephen R. Williams 289 20 Advanced Spectral Quantification: Parameter Handling, Nonparametric Pattern Modeling, and Multidimensional Fitting Anke Henning 303 21 1 H-NMR Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Brain Metabolites Varan Govind 321 22 Pattern Recognition Analysis of MR Spectra Sandra Ortega-Martorell, Margarida Julià-Sapé, Paulo Lisboa, and Carles Arús 343 23 Quantifying Metabolite Ratios and Concentrations by 1 HMRS Mary A. McLean 359 24 Quantifying Metabolite Ratios and Concentrations by Non- 1 HMRS Paul A. Bottomley 369 Parametry 389 25 Measuring Intra- and Extracellular pH by MRS Pedro M. Enriquez-Navas and Robert J. Gillies 391 26 Temperature Monitoring Using Chemical Shift Kagayaki Kuroda 401 27 Diffusion-Weighted MRS Itamar Ronen and Julien Valette 415 28 Measuring Biochemical Reaction Rates In Vivo with Magnetization Transfer Paul A. Bottomley 439 29 Proton Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRS and MRI Peter C.M. van Zijl and Akansha Ashvani Sehgal 459 30 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy Plus Spatial Encoding M. Albert Thomas, Zohaib Iqbal, Manoj K. Sarma, Rajakumar Nagarajan, Paul M. Macey, and Amir Huda 495 31 Spectral Editing Robin A. de Graaf and Douglas L. Rothman 521 32 Multiple Quantum MRS Uzi Eliav and Gil Navon 535 Hyperpolarization 555 33 Hyperpolarization Methods for MRS Boyd M. Goodson, Nicholas Whiting, Aaron M. Coffey, Panayiotis Nikolaou, Fan Shi, Brogan M. Gust, Max E. Gemeinhardt, Roman V. Shchepin, Jason G. Skinner, Jonathan R. Birchall, Michael J. Barlow, and Eduard Y. Chekmenev 557 34 Pulse Sequences for Hyperpolarized MRS Jeremy W. Gordon and Peder E.Z. Larson 575 Part B: Applications 597 Cells, Solutions 599 35 MRS of Perfused Cells, Tissues, and Organs Matthew Milkevitch, Elizabeth A. Browning, and E. James Delikatny 601 36 Metabolism and Metabolomics by MRS Yuen-Li Chung, Basetti Madhu, and John R. Griffiths 619 Fluorine and Carbon 633 37 In Vivo 19 FMRS Arend Heerschap 635 38 13 C MRS in Human Tissue Martin Krššák 645 39 Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI and MRS Studies Renuka Sriram, John Kurhanewicz, and Daniel B. Vigneron 659 40 Integrating 13 C Isotopomer Methods with Hyperpolarization for a Comprehensive Picture of Metabolism A. Dean Sherry and Craig R. Malloy 679 Muscle 699 41 Muscle Studies by 1 HMRS Chris Boesch and Roland Kreis 701 42 Muscle Studies by 31 PMRS Graham J. Kemp 717 43 Measuring Intracellular Oxygenation with Myoglobin 1 HMRS Thomas Jue 731 Obesity and Diabetes 743 44 Body Fat MRS E. Louise Thomas and Jimmy D. Bell 745 45 In Vivo MRS of Lipids in Adipose Tissue, Bone Marrow, and Liver Jürgen Machann and Fritz Schick 757 46 Assessing Fatty Liver with MRS Paul E. Sijens 773 47 MRS Studies of Muscle and Heart in Obesity and Diabetes Jeanine J. Prompers and Klaas Nicolay 783 48 Studying Cardiac Lipids in Obese and Diabetic Patients by 1 HMRS Lidia S. Szczepaniak and Laura G. Smith 809 Heart Disease 821 49 Cardiac MRS Studies in Rodents and Other Animals Michael S. Dodd, Damian J. Tyler, and Kieran Clarke 823 50 Assessing Cardiac Transplant Viability with MRS Monique Bernard, Frank Kober, and Thierry Caus 837 51 MRS in the Failing Heart: From Mice to Humans Robert G. Weiss, Ashish Gupta, and Paul A. Bottomley 847 52 MRS Studies of Creatine Kinase Metabolism in Human Heart Paul A. Bottomley 863 Brain 893 53 Studying Aging, Dementia, Trauma, Infection, and Developmental Disorders of the Brain with 1 HMRS Eva-Maria Ratai, Ivan I. Kirov, Lidia Glodzik, and Oded Gonen 895 54 Studying Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia by 1 HMRS Andrew M. Blamire 917 55 31 P MRS in Psychiatric Disorders David G. Harper, J. Eric Jensen, and Perry F. Renshaw 927 56 The Significance of N-Acetyl Aspartate in Human Brain MRS Richard A.E. Edden and Ashley D. Harris 947 Cancer 957 57 MRS in Brain Cancer Franklyn A. Howe and Andrew C. Peet 959 58 MRS in Breast Cancer Uma Sharma and Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan 981 59 MRS in Prostate Cancer John Kurhanewicz and Daniel B. Vigneron 997 Clinical Trials 1025 60 Clinical Trials of MRS Methods Margarida Julià-Sapé, Fernando Arias-Mendoza, and John R. Griffiths 1027 61 Clinical Trials that Utilize MRS as a Biomarker Alexander Lin, Ben Rowland, and John R. Griffiths 1041 Part C: Appendices 1051 Appendix 1: Properties of NMR-Visible Isotopes and their Biological Content in Human Tissues 1053 Paul A. Bottomley Appendix 2: Concentration Ranges of Common Metabolites Detected by MRS in Healthy Human Tissue 1057 Ivan I. Kirov Appendix 3: Peak Assignments for Some Common Metabolites 1061 A. Dean Sherry Appendix 4: Biochemical Reactions and Molecular Structures of Common MRS Metabolites 1067 John R. Griffiths and Varan Govind Appendix 5: Some Standard Formulae Used in MRS 1075 Paul A. Bottomley Appendix 6: Common MRS Artifacts 1079 John R. Griffiths, Roland Kreis, and Paul A. Bottomley Appendix 7: In Vivo Spectra with Peak Assignments 1091 John R. Griffiths Index 1099