Steel Surfaces

A full-color guide for architects and design professionals to the selection and application of steel   Steel Surfaces, fourth in Zahner’s Architectural Metals Series, provides a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of steel applications in architecture and art. It offers architecture and design professionals the information they need to ensure proper maintenance and fabrication techniques through detailed information and full-color images. It covers everything from the history of the metal and choosing the right alloy, to detailed information on a variety of surface and chemical finishes and corrosion resistance. The book also features case studies that offer strategies for designing and executing successful projects using steel.   Steel Surfaces is filled with illustrated case studies that present comprehensive coverage of how steel is used in creating surfaces for building exteriors, interiors, and art finishes. All the books in Zahner’s Architectural Metals Series offer in-depth coverage of today’s most commonly used metals in architecture and art. This visual guide:   Features full-color images of a variety of steel finishes, colors, textures, and forms  Includes case studies with performance data that feature strategies on how to design and execute successful projects using steel  Offers methods to address corrosion, before and after it occurs  Explains the significance of the different alloys and the forms available to the designer  Discusses what to expect when using steel in various exposures  Written for architecture professionals, metal fabricators and developers, architecture students, designers, and artists working with metals, Steel Surfaces offers a logical framework for the selection and application of steel in all aspects of architecture.

PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Introduction Iron and Steel History Early Architectural Uses What Defines Steel The Important Steel Alloys for the Designer Low Carbon Steel Medium Carbon Steel High Carbon Steel High Strength Low Alloy Steels – The Weathering Steels Enameling Steel Cast Iron Steel Manufacture and Production Safety and Hygiene / Recycle Coatings on Steel A Material for Artists Choosing the Right Steel CHAPTER 2 Alloys Introduction The Alloy Numbering Code Alloying Elements Carbon Other Elements Tempers The Wrought Alloys of Iron Wrought Iron The Wrought Alloys of Steel G10060 G10080 G10100 A36 Steel G10180 G10120 The Weathering Steel Alloys – High Strength Low Alloy Steels K11430 K12043 Other Steel Alloys The Alloy Steels G41300 Tool Steels Cast Alloys Grey Cast Iron White Cast Iron Malleable Cast Iron Ductile Cast Iron Cast Steels CHAPTER 3 Finishes Introduction The Mill Surface of Sheet and Plate Material The Carbon Steel Surface Hot Rolled Surface Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Plate Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet Cold Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet Commercial Steel Drawing Steel and Forming Steel Cold Rolled Structural Steel Mill Oil The Nature of the Steel Surface Finish Finish Possibilities Available for Steels Protective Oxide – The Weathering Steels Preweathering – An Art and Science Preweathering – Hot Rolled vs Cold Rolled Surfaces The Controlled Surface Interior Uses of Weathering Steel Galvanized Steel Surfaces Protective Oxide – Bluing and Darkening Bluing of Steel Blackening of Galvanized Steel Color Tinting of Steel by Heat Chromate treatments Painted Steel Surfaces Surfacing Effects Damascene and Pattern Welded Steel Laying Down Weld Carved Steel CHAPTER 4 Expectations Introduction The Development of Rust The Choices Available to the Designer Interior Exposures Carbon Steels Interior Weathering Steels Exterior Exposures Carbon Steels Wrought and Cast Irons Cast Irons Carbon Steel – Structural Steel Zinc Rich Primers Galvanized Steel Weathering Steel Preweathered Steel Marine Environments Urban Pollution Good Design CHAPTER 5 Designing with the Available Forms Introduction Early Forms Wrought Iron The Wrought Forms of Steel The Steel Mill Hot Rolled and Cold Rolled Sheet and Plate Mill Packaging Requirements Sheet Coils Perforated and Expanded Metal Perforated Steel Expanded Metal Plate Thicknesses and Widths Weathering Steel Plate Bar and Rod Round Rod Tubing and Pipe Structural Shapes HSS – Hollow Structural Sections Wire, Woven Wire, and Screens Extrusions Steel Windows Powder, Bead and Shot Foil Cast Steel CHAPTER 6 Working with Steels Introduction Cutting Steels Shearing and Blanking Saw Cutting Laser Plasma Torch Cut Waterjet Punching Forming Roll Forming Press Brake Forming Other Cold Forming Processes Springback V-Cutting Hot Forming Forging Machining Stamping Soldering and Brazing Welding Fusion Welding Processes Used on Steels Oxy – Acetylene GTAW – Gas Tungsten Arc Welding GMAW – Gas Metal Arc Welding SMAW – Shielded Metal Arc Welding FCW – Flux Core Wire Welding SAW – Submerged Arc Welding PAW – Plasma Arc Welding EBW – Electron Beam Welding Laser Beam Welding Capacitor Discharge Fusion Stud Welding Arc Stud Welding Friction Stir Welding The Steps in Welding Joint Preparation Filler Metal Heat Input during welding Post Weld treatment and Cleanup Distortion Welding of Weathering Steels Bolts Stud Welding Casting White Cast iron Grey Cast iron Malleable Iron Ductile Iron Compacted Graphite Cast Iron Difficulties in Casting CHAPTER 7 Corrosion Characteristics Introduction What is rust Corrosion of Steel and Iron Atmospheric Corrosion – The Electrolyte on the Surface Corrosion of Cast Iron or Cast Steel Coatings and Corrosion Failure modes of Paint Inorganic Protection of Steels Galvanizing and Metal Protective Coatings for Steel Plating Weathering Steels – How are they different than other steels Weathering Steel Performance in Various Environments Environmental Exposures and their Effects Carbon Steels Steel Used In different Environments Types of Corrosion Uniform Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion and Galvanic Protection of Steels Galvanic Corrosion and the Ratio of Areas Key Conditions Needed for Galvanic Corrosion to Occur Transfer Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Intergranular Corrosion Crevice Corrosion Line Corrosion CHAPTER 8 Maintaining the Steel Surface Introduction Painted Steel Surfaces Develop a Maintenance Strategy Cleaning and Mainenance – Weathering Steel Protecting Steels – Storage Protecting Steel Surfaces – Custom Protecting Steel Objects – Impressed Current Protection Protecting Steel Surfaces – Sacrificial Anode Maintaining Steels in Different Environments Physical Cleanliness Achieving Physical Cleanliness Mill Oils Fingerprints Degreasing Using Hot Alkaline Baths Dirt and Grime Adhesives Temperature Issues Deposits from Sealant Decomposition Grease Deposits from Building Exhaust Systems Graffiti High Pressure Water Blasting Steam Cleaning De-ionized Water Abrasive Pads and Brushes Chemical Cleanliness Laser Ablation Constant Wetting Water streaks and Standing Water Staining De-icing Salts Mechanical Cleanliness Vandalism Scratches and Mars Dents Ghosting from Packaging Materials Distortion Welding Distortion Distortions from Cold Forming Operations Hail Damage and Small Dent Repair Free Iron Particles – Staining Coating Weathering Steels Appendix A: Terms Appendix B: Comparative Metals Appendix C: Alloy Cross Reference Appendix D: SSPC Specifications Appendix E: Sample Steel Specifications Appendix F: ASTM Specifications Appendix G: Galvanized Coatings on Steel Index