Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 46

Plant Breeding Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on plant genetics and the breeding of all types of crops by both traditional means and molecular methods. Many of the crops widely grown today stem from a very narrow genetic base; understanding and preserving crop genetic resources is vital to the security of food systems worldwide. The emphasis of the series is on methodology, a fundamental understanding of crop genetics, and applications to major crops.

List of Contributors xi 1 Dani Zamir: Pioneer in Tomato Genetics and Quantitative Trait Dissection 1 Irwin L. Goldman I. Introduction 2 II. Understanding Quantitative Genetic Variation 4 III. Cloning of Quantitative Trait Loci 6 IV. Characterization of Genetic Phenomena 7 V. Sequencing the Tomato Genome 9 VI. Practical Plant Breeding 10 VII. Scientific Impact 13 VIII. List of Scientific Journal Publications of Dani Zamir 14 Literature Cited 30 2 Muscadine Grape Breeding 31 Patrick J. Conner and Margaret L. Worthington I. Introduction 32 II. History of Improvement 38 III. Breeding Techniques 49 IV. Molecular Breeding Resources 52 V. Breeding for Specific Characters 58 VI. Intersubgeneric Hybridization 79 VII. Future Prospects 104 Literature Cited 106 3 Breeding Intermediate Wheatgrass for Grain Production 119 Prabin Bajgain, Jared L. Crain, Douglas J. Cattani, Steven R. Larson, Kayla R. Altendorf, James A. Anderson, Timothy E. Crews, Ying Hu, Jesse A. Poland, M. Kathryn Turner, Anna Westerbergh, and Lee R. DeHaan I. Introduction 122 II. Plant Biology and Behavior 125 III. History of IWG Breeding 140 IV. Breeding Methodologies by Program 146 V. Breeding Goals and Progress 162 VI. Modern Breeding Tools 175 VII. Rate of Intermediate Wheatgrass Domestication 190 VIII. Future Directions 195 Literature Cited 197 4 Understanding Environmental Modulation of Heterosis 219 Zhi Li, Jiabin Sun, and Candice N. Hirsch I. Introduction of Heterosis 220 II. Models and Mechanisms to Explain Heterosis 221 III. Genotype-by-Environment Interaction 224 IV. Inbred Lines Generally Have More Instability Across Environments than Hybrids 226 V. Higher Heterosis Levels are Observed Under Stress Conditions 227 VI. Variation in Heterosis is also Observed Under Natural Conditions 231 VII. Conclusion and Future Prospects 232 Literature Cited 233 5 Breeding of Hemp (Cannabis sativa) 239 Lawrence B. Smart, Jacob A. Toth, George M. Stack, Luis A. Monserrate, and Christine D. Smart I. Introduction 240 II. Taxonomy and Domestication of Hemp 245 III. Sex Determination in Hemp 247 IV. Control of Pollination 250 V. Breeding and Selection Schemes 255 VI. Target Traits for Genetic Improvement 259 VII. Germplasm Resources 277 VIII. Genomic Resources 278 IX. Future Directions 279 Literature Cited 279 6 Genetic Resources and Breeding Priorities in Phaseolus Beans : Vulnerability, Resilience, and Future Challenges 289 Travis A. Parker, Jorge Acosta Gallegos, James Beaver, Mark Brick, Judith K. Brown, Karen Cichy, Daniel G. Debouck, Alfonso Delgado-Salinas, Sarah Dohle, Emmalea Ernest, Consuelo Estevez de Jensen, Francisco Gomez, Barbara Hellier, Alexander V. Karasev, James D. Kelly, Phillip McClean, Phillip Miklas, James R. Myers, Juan M. Osorno, Julie S. Pasche, Marcial A. Pastor-Corrales, Timothy Porch, James R. Steadman, Carlos Urrea, Lyle Wallace, Christine H. Diepenbrock, and Paul Gepts I. Description of Crop Vulnerability and Its Relevance in Phaseolus 294 II. Background on the Origin, Diversification, and Domestication of the Genus Phaseolus 296 III. Urgency and Extent of Crop Vulnerabilities and Threats to Food Security 318 IV. Genetic Erosion in the Centers of Origin 325 V. Status of Plant Genetic Resources in the NPGS 352 VI. Genomic and Genotypic Characterization Data 361 VII. Prospects, Future Development, and Gaps in Genetic Diversity 371 VIII. Epilogue 381 Literature Cited 385 7 Club Wheat -- A Review of Club Wheat History, Improvement, and Spike Characteristics in Wheat 421 Kimberly A. Garland-Campbell I. Introduction 423 II. Spike Architecture in Grasses 424 III. Club Wheat History 426 IV. Club Wheat Breeding 432 V. Major Genes for Control of Spike Charactersitics in Wheat 444 VI. Conclusion 454 Literature Cited 455 8 Predicting Genotype x Environment x Management (G x E x M) Interactions for the Design of Crop Improvement Strategies: Integrating Breeder, Agronomist, and Farmer Perspectives 467 Mark Cooper, Carlos D. Messina, Tom Tang, Carla Gho, Owen M. Powell, Dean W. Podlich, Frank Technow, and Graeme L. Hammer I. Three Perspectives of G x E x M Interactions 470 II. Foundations for G x E x M Prediction 476 III. The Breeder’s Equation and Beyond 480 IV. G x E x M Considerations for Designing Multi-Environment Trials 482 V. Breeder’s Questions: G E x M --> G x (E x M) 510 VI. Agronomist’s Questions: G x E x M --> M x (E x G) 520 VII. Farmer’s Questions: G x E x M --> (G x M) x E 525 VIII. Integrating the Different G x E x M Perspectives 531 IX. G x E x M Predictions Beyond the Training Data Boundaries 548 X. Prediction-Based Crop Improvement: Future Prospects 555 Literature Cited 560 9 Root Phenes for Improving Nutrient Capture in Low-Fertility Environments 587 Christopher F. Strock and Hannah M. Schneider I. The Need for Nutrient-Efficient Crops 589 II. Root Phenes are Important for Resource Aqusition and Plant Growth 590 III. Root Ideotypes for Improved Nutrient Acquisition 596 IV. Phenotyping Methodology and Technology 605 V. Deployment Strategies for Root Phenes in Crop Breeding Programs 610 VI. Conclusions 614 Literature Cited 615 10 Role of the Genomics--Phenomics--Agronomy Paradigm in Plant Breeding 627 Chunpeng James Chen, Jessica Rutkoski, James C. Schnable, Seth C. Murray, Lizhi Wang, Xiuliang Jin, Benjamin Stich, Jose Crossa, Ben J. Hayes, and Zhiwu Zhang I. Introduction 630 II. Agronomy and Genomics (A-G) 631 III. Genomics and Phenomics (G-P) 636 IV. Phenomics and Agronomy (P-A) 641 V. Merge G-P-A through GWAS 644 VI. Merge G-P-A through Blup 647 VII. Merge G-P-A through Bayesian Methods 649 VIII. Merge G-P-A through Ml 654 IX. Conclusion and Future Prospects 658 Literature Cited 659 Cumulative Contributor Index 675 Cumulative Subject Index 685