Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems

Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems Understand a world transformed by wireless communication with this groundbreaking guide Since the advent of the internet, few technologies have proven more transformative than wireless communication. Never have we lived in a more comprehensively connected world, with the cloud and the coming sixth generation (6G) of wireless technology creating a vast and interconnected communications infrastructure. Global citizens of this newly interconnected reality are grappling like never before with its many challenges. Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems provides readers with a history of wireless communication and a thorough overview of emerging frontiers. It traces wireless communication from the first generation through to the current fifth before surveying the current state of wireless technology and the ongoing research into 6G. The result is a book that understands wireless communication for the first time as an ecosystem, endlessly interconnected, growing, and boundlessly complex, but made intelligible by this highly readable introduction. Readers will also find: Detailed explanations of the journey starting from 1G to 6G Descriptions the infrastructure of 4G, 5G, and 6G systems, this all-connected communication ecosystem, the sub-components of this ecosystem, and the relationship among them Depictions of events seen in the capillaries of the communication echo system that show switching techniques, modulation, and multiplexing techniques Coverage of access techniques, protocols, the methods used in M2M and IoT connections at the endpoints, and security issues that show how they are an integral part of wireless communication infrastructure Evolution of Wireless Communication Ecosystems from 1G to 6G is an essential reference for wireless and telecommunications professionals, as well as researchers interested in 6G or other emerging wireless technologies.

About the Author xv Preface xvii List of Abbreviations xxi 1 Basic Concepts 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Main Components of Communication Systems 1 1.3 Circuit, Packet, and Cell Switching 3 1.4 Duplexing in Communication 6 1.5 Historical Developments of Wireless Communication Systems 7 2 Modulation and Demodulation 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 What Are Modulation and Demodulation? 9 2.3 Analog Modulation Methods 10 2.4 Digital Modulation Methods 13 3 Multiplexing Methods 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 20 3.3 Time Division Multiplexing 22 3.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 23 3.5 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access 24 3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing 25 3.7 Code Division Multiplexing 26 3.8 Spatial Division Multiplexing 27 3.9 Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing 27 3.10 Polarization Division Multiplexing 30 4 Network Performance Metrics 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Spectral Efficiency 33 4.3 Important Network Performance Metrics 35 5 Seven Layers of ISO/OSI 41 5.1 Introduction 41 5.2 Application Layer 43 5.3 Presentation Layer 44 5.4 Session Layer 45 5.5 Transport Layer 45 5.6 Network Layer 46 5.7 Data Link Layer 48 5.8 Physical Layer 49 6 Cellular Communication and 1G Systems 51 6.1 Introduction 51 6.2 A Brief History of Wireless Communication 51 6.3 Cellular Communication 52 6.4 1G Systems 54 7 2G Systems 57 7.1 Introduction 57 7.2 1G and 2G Comparisons 57 7.3 2G Architecture 59 7.4 Detailed Infrastructure and 2.5G 62 8 3G Systems 65 8.1 Introduction 65 8.2 2G and 3G Comparison 65 8.3 3G Architecture 67 9 4G Systems 71 9.1 Introduction 71 9.2 Toward 4G 72 9.3 Services and Servers 75 9.4 Architectural Structure and Novel Concepts 77 9.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 82 9.6 Mobile IP 84 9.7 Multiple Access Techniques 87 9.8 Multiple Input- Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Systems and SDM Access 90 9.9 Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) 92 10 5G Systems 97 10.1 Introduction 97 10.2 5G Cell Structure 101 10.3 Topology 102 10.4 Millimeter Wave 106 10.5 Network Slicing 111 10.6 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 114 10.7 Carrier Aggregation (CA) and Dual Connectivity (DC) 116 11 6G Systems 119 11.1 Introduction 119 11.2 Network 122 11.3 Terahertz Communication 126 11.4 Visible Light Communication 128 11.5 Satellite Integration 131 11.6 Cloud Radio Access Network 132 11.7 Holographic MIMO Surfaces 135 11.8 Massive Cell- Free MIMO 140 11.9 Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC)–Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) 143 11.10 ML, AI, and Blockchain Usage in 6G 148 11.11 Quantum Computing in Future Wireless Networks 155 11.12 5G Concepts in 6G (eMBB, uRLLC, and mMTC) 159 11.13 6G Use Cases 161 11.14 Comparison of 5G and 6G Network Architectures 169 12 Internet of Things (IoT) 177 12.1 Introduction 177 12.2 IoT Vision 178 12.3 Architecture and Communication Model 181 13 Non- IP- Based WPAN Technologies 191 13.1 Introduction 191 13.2 802.15 Standards 194 13.3 Radio Frequency Identification 195 13.4 Near- Field Communication 198 13.5 Infrared Data Association 198 13.6 Bluetooth 199 13.7 Zigbee 202 13.8 Z- Wave 207 13.9 Power Line Communication 209 14 IP- Based WPAN and WLAN 211 14.1 Introduction 211 14.2 HaLow WiFi (Low- Power WiFi) 211 14.3 ISA 100.11a Wireless 212 14.4 Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol (HART) 215 14.5 Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation- Process Automation (WIA- PA) 216 14.6 6LoWPAN 218 14.7 WPAN with IP Thread 222 15 Low- Power Wide- Area Networks 227 15.1 Introduction 227 15.2 General Architecture 227 15.3 EC- GSM- IoT 228 15.4 Random Phase Multiple Access 230 15.5 Dash7 231 15.6 Long- Term Evolution for Machines 233 15.7 Narrowband IoT 234 15.8 Massive IoT 234 15.9 IoTivity 237 15.10 LoRa and LoRaWAN 238 15.11 Sigfox 241 16 IoT Edge to Cloud Protocols 245 16.1 Introduction 245 16.2 Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol 248 16.3 MQTT over WebSockets 251 16.4 MQTT for Sensor Networks 251 16.5 Constrained Application Protocol 253 16.6 Embedded Binary HTTP 256 16.7 Lean Transport Protocol 257 16.8 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 258 16.9 Data Distribution Service 260 16.10 Simple Text- Oriented Messaging Protocol 263 16.11 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 264 16.12 Lightweight M2M 266 16.13 Health Device Profile Protocol (Continua HDP) 268 16.14 Devices Profile for Web Services 270 16.15 Protocol Comparisons 271 17 Popular Operating Systems of IoT 277 17.1 Introduction 277 17.2 OpenWSN 278 17.3 TinyOS 279 17.4 FreeRTOS 279 17.5 Ti- Rtos 280 17.6 Riot 281 17.7 Contiki OS 282 18 IoT Security 285 18.1 Introduction 285 18.2 Limitations in IoT End Devices 285 18.3 Security Requirements 287 18.4 Attack Types and Points 290 19 IoT Applications 301 19.1 Introduction 301 19.2 Tactile Internet 301 19.3 Waste Management 304 19.4 Healthcare 304 19.5 Smart Agriculture and Smart Water Supply 305 19.6 Web of Things (WoT) 307 References 308 Index 311