Advanced 2D Materials

This book brings together innovative methodologies and strategies adopted in the research and developments of Advanced 2D Materials. Well-known worldwide researchers deliberate subjects on (1) Synthesis, characterizations, modeling and properties, (2) State-of-the-art design and (3) innovative uses of 2D materials including: Two-dimensional layered gallium selenide Synthesis of 2D boron nitride nanosheets The effects of substrates on 2-D crystals Electrical conductivity and reflectivity of models of some 2D materials Graphene derivatives in semicrystalline polymer composites Graphene oxide based multifunctional composites Covalent and non-covalent polymer grafting of graphene oxide Graphene-semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts for solar fuels Graphene based sensors Graphene composites from bench to clinic Photocatalytic ZnO-graphene hybrids Hydroxyapatite-graphene bioceramics in orthopaedic applications

Preface xiii Part 1 Synthesis, Characterizations, Modelling and Properties 1 Two-Dimensional Layered Gallium Selenide: Preparation, Properties, and Applications 3 Wenjing Jie and Jianhua Hao 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Preparation of 2D Layered GaSe Crystals 5 1.3 Structure, Characterization, and Properties 10 1.4 Applications 24 1.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 31 Acknowledgment 32 References 32 2 Recent Progress on the Synthesis of 2D Boron Nitride Nanosheets 37 Li Fu and Aimin Yu 2.1 Boron Nitride and Its Nanomorphologies 37 2.2 Boron Nitride Nanosheets Synthesis 39 2.3 Conclusion 56 References 57 3 The Effects of Substrates on 2D Crystals 67 Emanuela Margapoti, Mahmoud M. Asmar and Sergio E. Ulloa 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Fundamental Studies of 2D Crystals 71 3.3 Graphene Symmetries and Their Modification by Substrates and Functionalization 80 3.4 TMDs on Insulators and Metal Substrates 89 3.5 Conclusion 107 References 108 4 Hubbard Model in Material Science: Electrical Conductivity and Reflectivity of Models of Some 2D Materials 115 Vladan Celebonovic 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 The Hubbard Model 116 4.3 Calculations of Conductivity 124 4.4 The Hubbard Model and Optics 135 4.5 Conclusions 141 Acknowledgment 142 References 142 Part 2 State-of-the-art Design of Functional 2D composites 5 Graphene Derivatives in Semicrystalline Polymer Composites 147 Sandra Paszkiewicz, Anna Szymczyk and Zbigniew Rosłaniec 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 Preparation of Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Graphene Derivatives 150 5.3 Properties of Graphene-based Polymer Nanocomposites 156 5.4 Synergic Effect of 2D/1D System 174 5.5 Conclusions (Summary) and Future Perspectives 175 References  180 6 Graphene Oxide: A Unique Nano-platform to Build Advanced Multifunctional Composites 193 André F. Girão, Susana Pinto, Ana Bessa, Gil Gonçalves, Bruno Henriques, Eduarda Pereira and Paula A. A. P. Marques 6.1 Introduction to Graphene Oxide as Building Unit 194 6.2 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 196 6.3 Water Remediation 206 6.4 Multifunctional Structural Materials 212 6.5 Conclusions (Final Remarks) 223 Acknowledgments 224 References 224 7 Synthesis of ZnO–Graphene Hybrids for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants 237 Alina Pruna and Daniele Pullini 7.1 Introduction into Wastewater Treatment 237 7.2 Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism 239 7.3 ZnO Hybridization toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Efficiency 240 7.4 Synthesis Approaches for ZnO–Graphene Hybrid Photocatalysts 242 7.5 ZnO–Graphene Hybrid Photocatalysts 244 7.6 Ternary Hybrids with ZnO and rGO Materials 270 7.7 Conclusions 276 Acknowledgments 278 References 278 8 Covalent and Non-covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide Through Polymer Grafting 287 Akbar Hassanpour, Khatereh Gorbanpour and Abbas Dadkhah Tehrani 8.1 Introduction 288 8.2 Covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide 288 8.3 Non-covalent Modification of Graphene Oxide 314 8.4 Composites and Grafts of GO with Natural Polymers 321 8.5 Conclusion 333 Acknowledgment 334 References 334 Part 3 High-tech Applications of 2D Materials 9 Graphene–Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts and Their Application in Solar Fuel Production 355 Pawan Kumar, Anurag Kumar, Chetan Joshi, Rabah Boukherrouband Suman L. Jain 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 Conclusion 379 References 379 10 Graphene in Sensors Design 387 Andreea Cernat, Mihaela Tertiș, Luminiţa Fritea and Cecilia Cristea 10.1 Introduction 388 10.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene-based Materials 389 10.3 Applications 394 10.4 Conclusions 418 Acknowledgements 418 References 419 11 Bio-applications of Graphene Composites: From Bench to Clinic 433 Meisam Omidi, A. Fatehinya, M. Frahani, Z. Niknam, A. Yadegari, M. Hashemi, H. Jazayeri, H. Zali, M. Zahedinik, and L. Tayebi 11.1 Introduction 433 11.2 Synthesis and Structural Features 435 11.3 Biomedical Applications 438 11.4 Conclusions (Current Limitations and Future Perspectives) 457 References  461 12 Hydroxyapatite–Graphene as Advanced Bioceramic Composites for Orthopedic Applications 473 Wan Jeffrey Basirun, Saeid Baradaran and Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi 12.1 Background of Study 474 12.2 Literature Review 478 12.3 Functional Specifications 486 12.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks 494 References 495