A History of Interior Design

A History of Interior Design tells the story of 6,000 years of domestic and public space. It’s an essential resource for students, professionals, and anyone interested in interior design, the decorative arts, architecture, and art history. It explores a broad range of styles and movements, weaving together a fascinating narrative from cave dwellings and temple architecture, through Gothic cathedrals and Islamic palaces, to modern skyscrapers and the retail spaces of the 21st-century. This fully updated fifth edition includes: More on the contributions of women designers and architects Additional coverage of furniture, product design, and decoration Numerous new examples of diverse modern styles from around the world Over 700 images, more than 300 of which are new or color replacements for black and white photos An extra final chapter focusing on the influence of the latest technology and current thinking on the importance of conservation and ethical sourcing

Preface 10 Introduction Designing Interiors 13 1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations 19 Prehistoric Interiors 19 Archeological Evidence 19 The First Shelters 19 Dolmens and Barrows 20 Evidence from Tribal Cultures 21 Pattern and Design 23 The First Permanent Settlements 24 Mesopotamia: Sumeria 25 Pre-Columbian America 26 North America 26 Central America 27 South America 30 Ancient Egypt 32 Geometry and Proportion 32 Egyptian Temples and Houses 33 Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 34 2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome 37 Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures 37 Knossos 37 Mycenae and Tiryns 38 Greece 38 The Temple 38 insights The Growth of Athens 39 Secular Interiors 42 Rome 44 Arches, Vaults, and Domes 44 Amphitheaters and Baths 46 Temples 46 insights The Cost of Living in Ancient Rome 48 Secular Buildings 49 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 52 The Legacy of Rome: Technology 52 3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque 55 Early Christian Design 55 Byzantine Design 57 Ravenna 57 insights The Ravenna Mosaics 58 Constantinople 59 Hagia Sophia 59 Secular Buildings 61 Early Medieval: The “Dark Ages” 61 The Romanesque Style 62 Churches 63 Germany 63 Italy 64 France 65 England 67 Scandinavia 67 Fortresses and Castles 68 Monasteries and Abbeys 69 insights The Abbey at Cluny 70 Houses 71 Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 73 Spanish Romanesque 74 4 Islamic and Asian Traditions 77 Islamic Influence 77 Mosques and Palaces 78 Islamic Influence in Spain 81 The Mosque in Spain 81 Islamic Furnishings 82 India and Pakistan 85 Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture 85 Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings 87 Jain Architecture 88 Northern and Southern Styles of Temple 89 Islamic Influence in India 89 insights Bernier’s Account of the Taj Mahal 90 Indian Furnishings 93 Western Influence 94 Cambodia 94 Thailand 96 Indonesia 96 China 97 Chinese Architecture 97 Chinese Furnishings 100 Korea 102 Japan 103 Japanese Furnishings 107 5 The Later Middle Ages 109 Elements of Gothic Style 109 New Construction Techniques 110 Gothic Cathedrals and Churches 113 France 114 England 117 Elsewhere in Europe 118 Secular Gothic Buildings 121 insights Construction Work in a Medieval Building 121 Castles and Palaces 123 Medieval Houses 126 Innovations in Domestic Comfort 126 6 The Renaissance in Italy 131 The Rise of Humanism 131 Renaissance Interest in History 132 Elements of Renaissance Style 132 The Early Renaissance 133 Brunelleschi 134 Michelozzo 136 Alberti 138 The High Renaissance 138 Bramante 138 Palaces 141 insights Vasari’s Account of the Farnese Palace 141 The Late Renaissance and Mannerism 144 Michelangelo 144 Romano 146 Palladio 146 Vignola 150 Interior Furnishings 150 Furniture 151 Coverings 153 7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe 155 Elements of Baroque Style 155 The Baroque in Italy 156 Rome 156 Bernini 156 Borromini 158 Venice 160 Longhena 160 Turin 161 Guarini 161 Juvarra 162 Baroque in Northern Europe 163 Austria 163 Switzerland 165 Germany 166 Furniture and Other Interior Features 169 8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain 173 France 173 Early Renaissance 174 High Renaissance 176 Baroque 179 insights Louis XIV and Versailles 180 Versailles 181 Louvre 182 Baroque Churches 182 Furniture and Furnishings 184 Regency to Rococo 185 Paris Hôtels Particuliers 186 The Petit Trianon 186 Regency and Rococo Furniture 187 Rococo to Neoclassicism 188 The Empire Style 190 insights Charles Percier and Pierre François- Léonard Fontaine: The Empire Style 191 Provincial Style 192 Spain 194 Plateresco 194 Desornamentado 194 Churrigueresco 194 Furniture and Other Interior Features 197 9 Renaissance to Georgian in the Low Countries and England 199 Low Countries 199 Civic Buildings 199 Private Dwellings 200 England 201 Tudor 201 Elizabethan 202 Elizabethan Furniture 203 Jacobean 204 Jones 204 Jacobean Interior Furnishings 206 From Carolean to William and Mary 206 Wren 206 Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings 209 Queen Anne 210 Queen Anne Furniture 211 Georgian 211 Robert and James Adam 212 insights Robert Adam and Syon House 212 Georgian Town Houses 214 Other Building Types 215 Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings 215 10 Colonial and Federal America 219 Colonial Styles in Latin America 219 Colonial Styles in North America 220 Early Colonial Houses 221 Early Colonial Interior Furnishings 222 Churches and Meeting Houses 223 American Georgian 224 American Georgian Houses 224 American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture 227 Late Colonial Public Buildings 228 Federal Styles 230 Jefferson 230 Bulfinch 231 Thornton and Latrobe 231 Furniture of the Federal Period 234 Other Furnishings of the Federal Period 236 11 The Regency, Greek Revival, and the Industrial Revolution 239 Regency 239 Nash 239 Soane 240 Regency Furniture 240 Greek Revival 241 Germany 242 England 242 United States 242 The Industrial Revolution 245 Early Industrialization and Inventions 245 Industry and Interiors 246 12 The Victorian Era 249 Victorian Style 249 Gothic Revival in Britain 249 Shopping 253 A Great Exhibition 254 Aristocrats and Plutocrats 257 Other British Revivalist Styles 258 United States: Victorian Variations 260 Gothic Revival 260 American Homes 262 A Centennial Exhibition 263 Later American Indigenous Styles 264 Shingle 264 Adirondack 264 Shaker 264 insights The Shaker Philosophy 265 13 The Aesthetic Movements 267 Britain: Arts and Crafts Movement 267 Arbiters of Taste and Virtue 267 Morris 268 Ashbee 269 Voysey 269 Scott 271 Asian Influences 271 Arts and Crafts in the United States 273 The Craftsman Movement 273 Japanese Influences 274 Emergence of Women Designers 276 United States 276 Wheeler 276 Wharton 277 Britain 277 Agnes and Rhoda Garrett 277 14 Eclecticism and a New World 279 Ecole des Beaux-Arts 281 United States 282 Building High 282 Office Interiors 284 Apartments and Hotels 285 Public Buildings 285 Furniture and Fittings in Excess 287 Furnishing the Home 288 Shopping 290 High Style 291 Ocean Liners 293 Movie Theaters 294 Europe 295 15 Art Nouveau and the Viennese Secession 297 Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau 297 Britain 297 Mackintosh 298 France 300 Guimard 300 School of Nancy 301 Other French Designers 302 Belgium 302 Horta 302 Van de Velde 303 Austria: The Vienna Secession 304 Olbrich 305 Wagner 306 Hoffmann 307 Moser 309 Germany: Jugendstil 310 Riemerschmid 310 Endell 310 Scandinavia and the Baltic 311 Spain 311 Gaudí 311 United States 312 Tiffany 312 Sullivan 313 16 The Emergence of Modernism 315 Sullivan 315 Wright 317 Change in Europe 323 The Radicals 323 Duchamp 323 Loos 324 War and Revolution 326 Le Corbusier 326 De Stijl 327 Van Doesburg 327 Rietveld 328 17 Modernism 331 Pioneers of Modernism 331 Le Corbusier and His Five Rules 331 Early Work 332 insights Le Corbusier and Color 335 Perriand 336 Gropius and the Bauhaus 337 Mies van der Rohe 339 Mies and Johnson 340 Reich 342 Skeptics 343 18 Art Deco 347 France 347 Mallet-Stevens 349 Gray 353 insights Eileen Gray, Le Corbusier, and E1027 355 Górska 356 Frank 357 Chareau 357 Ocean Liners 360 United States 360 Designers from Europe 360 Architecture 361 Britain 363 Scandinavia 364 Sweden 364 Denmark 365 An Alternative Modernity 365 United States 365 De Wolfe 365 Wood 365 Draper 366 Sister Parish 366 Elkins 366 Britain 367 Joel 367 Maugham 368 Dorn 369 Lancaster 369 19 Modernist Design in Europe 371 Britain 371 Italy 374 Scandinavia 375 Alvar and Aino Aalto 375 Switzerland 377 Furniture Design 378 20 Modernist Design in the United States 381 Architects and Designers 381 Wright 381 insights The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum 383 Gill 384 Schindler 385 Neutra 386 Lescaze 387 International Style 387 Continuity and Modernity 388 Robsjohn-Gibbings 388 Wormley 389 Residential and Industrial Design 389 Streamline 389 A New Breed of Designer 390 Loewy 390 Teague 390 Bel Geddes 391 Dreyfuss 392 Rohde 392 Russel and Mary Wright 393 Liebes 393 Greta and Walter von Nessen 393 The Streamlined Home 394 Eating Out 394 21 The Post-War World 1945–80 397 United States 397 Residential Design 397 An Ideal Home 398 Furnishings 401 insights Modernism and Social Environments 403 Europe 404 Britain 404 Festival of Britain 405 The Home Front 406 Italy 408 Denmark 410 The 1960s: Britain and a Shift in Soft Power 413 Retail 413 The Modern Home 416 Domestic Experiments 416 insights Interior Design vs. Architecture 417 Hospitality 418 Office Design 419 22 Postmodernism 421 United States 421 Venturi and Others 421 Graves 424 Austria 425 Hollein 425 Britain 426 Connor 426 Powell-Tuck 428 Kelly 428 Jiricna 429 Pawson 431 Coates 432 insights Finding an Audience 433 Collins 434 France 435 Putnam 435 Starck 435 Italy 436 Sottsass and the Memphis Group 436 Mendini 437 Branzi 437 Aulenti 438 Spain 439 23 Computers, Conservation, and Moral Concerns 443 Digitality 443 Sustainability 445 Retail 446 Hospitality 449 Workplace 452 Residential 454 Healthcare 455 Education 457 Furniture and Furnishings 458 The Future 461 Glossary 462 Bibliography 468 Picture Credits 474 Index 478