The Science of Health Disparities Research

Integrates the various disciplines of the science of health disparities in one comprehensive volume The Science of Health Disparities Research is an indispensable source of up-to-date information on clinical and translational health disparities science. Building upon the advances in health disparities research over the past decade, this authoritative volume informs policies and practices addressing the diseases, disorders, and gaps in health outcomes that are more prevalent in minority populations and socially disadvantaged communities. Contributions by recognized scholars and leaders in the field—featuring contemporary research, conceptual models, and a broad range of scientific perspectives—provide an interdisciplinary approach to reducing inequalities in population health, encouraging community engagement in the research process, and promoting social justice. In-depth chapters help readers better understand the specifics of minority health and health disparities while demonstrating the importance of advancing theory, refining measurement, improving investigative methods, and diversifying scientific research. In 26 chapters, the book examines topics including the etiology of health disparities research, the determinants of population health, research ethics, and research in African American, Asians, Latino, American Indian, and other vulnerable populations. Providing a unified framework on the principles and applications of the science of health disparities research, this important volume: Defines the field of health disparities science and suggests new directions in scholarship and research Explains basic definitions, principles, and concepts for identifying, understanding and addressing health disparities Provides guidance on both conducting health disparities research and translating the results Examines how social, historical and contemporary injustices may influence the health of racial and ethnic minorities Illustrates the increasing national and global importance of addressing health disparities Discusses population health training, capacity-building, and the transdisciplinary tools needed to advance health equity A significant contribution to the field, The Science of Health Disparities Research is an essential resource for students and basic and clinical researchers in genetics, population genetics, and public health, health care policymakers, and epidemiologists, medical students, and clinicians, particularly those working with minority, vulnerable, or underserved populations.

List of Contributors ix Foreword xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Definitions, Principles, and Concepts for Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 1 Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable, Jennifer Alvidrez, and Carl V. Hill 2 Getting Under the Skin: Pathways and Processes that Link Social and Biological Determinants of Disease 13 Chandra L. Jackson, Rada K. Dagher, Jung S. Byun, Tilda Farhat, and Kevin L. Gardner 3 Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Other Social Determinants 39 Tiffany L. Gary-Webb, Sara E. Baumann, Erik J. Rodriquez, Lydia A. Isaac, and Thomas A. LaVeist 4 Behavioral Determinants in Population Health and Health Disparities Research 59 Amelie G. Ramirez, Patricia Chalela, Melanie D. Sabado-Liwag, and Kelvin Choi 5 Sociocultural Environments and Health Disparities Research: Frameworks, Methods, and Promising Directions 77 Hortensia Amaro, Samantha Garcia, Inna Arnaudova, and Monica P. Jolles 6 Physical Environment, and Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 95 Tracy Bastain, Carrie Breton, Shohreh Farzan, Rima Habre, Jill Johnston, Derrick C. Tabor, Claudia Toledo-Corral, and Elizabeth Vang 7 Genome-wide Genetic Approaches to Metabolic and Inflammatory Health Disparities 109 Cheryl A. Winkler 8 Biologic Factors and Molecular Determinants in Inflammatory and  Metabolic Diseases 125 Marquitta White, Esteban Burchard, Page Goddard, Anup K. Nair, Leslie J. Baier, Federico Fuentes, and Jeffrey B. Kopp 9 Insights into the Genomic Landscape of African Ancestry Populations: Implications for Health and Disease Disparities 139 Charles N. Rotimi, Amy R. Bentley, Ayo P. Doumatey, Guanjie Chen, Daniel Shriner, and Adebowale Adeyemo 10 Applying Self‐report Measures in Minority Health and Health Disparities Research 153 Mariana Sanchez, Bertha Hidalgo, Adelaida Rosario, Ligia Artiles, Anita L. Stewart, and Anna M. Nápoles 11 Conducting Community-based Participatory Research with Minority Communities to Reduce Health Disparities 171 Tung T. Nguyen, Nina Wallerstein, Rina Das, Melanie D. Sabado-Liwag, Valarie Blue Bird Jernigan, Tvli Jacob, Tamela Cannady, Linda Sprague Martinez, Uchenna J. Ndulue, Abigail Ortiz, Andrea Williams Stubbs, Latrice C. Pichon, Sora Park Tanjasiri, Jane Pang, and Kent Woo 12 Racial/Ethnic Health and Healthcare Disparities Measurement: The Application of the Principles and Methods of Causal Inference 187 Benjamin Cook, Sarah Forrester, Timothy Creedon, Joan Wasserman, Meryl Sufian, and Jeroan Allison 13 Small Area Estimation and Bayesian Disease Mapping for Minority Health and Health Disparities 203 Xingyou Zhang, Benmei Liu, Shumei Yun, and Robert L. Phillips 14 Applications of Big Data Science and Analytic Techniques for Health Disparities Research 221 Irene Dankwa-Mullan, Xinzhi Zhang, Phuong-Tu Le, and William T. Riley 15 Complex Systems Science 243 Matt Kasman, Nancy Breen, and Ross A. Hammond 16 Improving Equity in Healthcare through Multilevel Interventions 257 Margarita Alegria, Jacqueline J. Lloyd, Naomi Ali, and Karissa DiMarzio 17 Using Implementation Science to Move from Knowledge of Disparities to Achievement of Equity 289 Lisa A. Cooper, Tanjala S. Purnell, Michael Engelgau, Kristina Weeks, and Jill A. Marsteller 18 Healthcare and Public Policy: Challenges and Opportunities for Research 309 Olveen Carrasquillo, Sonjia Kenya, Stuti Dang, Cynthia Lebron, and Tilda Farhat 19 Addressing Disparities in Access to High-quality Care 321 Milda Saunders, Regina James, Kesi Williams, and Marshall Chin 20 Health Communication as a Mediator of Health and Healthcare Disparities 339 Neda Ratanawongsa, Benyam Hailu, and Dean Schillinger 21 Comparative Effectiveness Research in Health Disparity Populations 359 William V. Padula, Rick A. Berzon, Priscah Mujuru, and David O. Meltzer 22 The Role of Electronic Health Records and Health Information Technology in Addressing Health Disparities 375 Irene Dankwa-Mullan, Sherine El-Toukhy, Jessamine Winer-Jones, Nora Haney, Morgan Foreman, Kesi Williams, and Anil Jain 23 Precision Medicine and Health Disparities 391 Consuelo H. Wilkins, Nancy J. Cox, Sarah C. Stallings, Maria F. Lima, Roy E. Weiss, and Nishadi Rajapakse 24 Recruitment, Inclusion, and Diversity in Clinical Trials 413 Bernadette Boden-Albala, Salina P. Waddy, Noa Appleton, Heather Kuczynski, Emily Nangle, and Nina S. Parikh 25 Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities: Concepts, Methods, and Future Directions 429 Mark L. Hatzenbuehler and John E. Pachankis 26 Workforce Diversity and Capacity Building to Address Health Disparities 445 Hannah A. Valantine and Alison F. Davis Index 455