Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Comprehensively explores sexually transmitted diseases, from epidemiology, causative pathogens, clinical impact, and immunology, to management strategies utilizing new strategies of genomics and next-generation diagnostic tools Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are very common worldwide. More than 20 different STIs have been identified, and about 19 million men and women are infected each year in the United States alone. This book looks at the complete picture of common STIs— how they form, evolve, and transmit, as well as how they can be treated and managed with modern techniques, medicines, and tools. Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections runs the spectrum of discussion ranging from introduction of causative pathogen, their pathogenesis to epidemiology, immunology, to anatomy and physiology of human genitalia and management strategies. The book offers in-depth chapter coverage on effect of probiotics on reproductive health; mucosal immunity in sexually transmitted infections; the role of circumcision in preventing STIs; Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV); genital herpes; molluscum contagiosum; genital warts; chlaymydia trachomatis; donovanosis; gonorrhoea; treponematoses; genital mycoplasms; bacterial vaginosis; vulvovaginal candidiasis; chlaymydia; scabies; chancroid, yeast infections; and more. Comprehensively compiles most of the major sexually transmitted infections Presents updated information on clinical aspects of sexually transmitted infections Examines the priorities in pathogenesis of human sexually transmitted infections and discusses new strategies of genomics and next-generation diagnostic tools used for detection of such pathogens Explores the future of rapid molecular diagnostic techniques and the challenges posed in the diagnosis of human STIs Includes bench to bedside content that will appeal to both basic and clinical researchers By offering the latest knowledge about recent advances in sexually transmitted infections in an interdisciplinary fashion, Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections is the perfect book for virologists, microbiologists, infectious disease experts, vaccinologists, biomedical researchers, clinicians, pharmacologists, and public health specialists.

About the Editor xv Contributors xvii Preface xxi 1 Mucosal Immunity in Sexually Transmitted Infections 1 Jiri Mestecky and Michael W. Russell 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Innate Immunity in the Genital Tract 2 1.3 Immunoglobulins in Secretions of the Genital Tract 4 1.4 Cells of the Mucosal Immune System of the Genital Tract 10 1.5 Induction of Immune Responses in the Genital Tract 12 1.6 Concluding 2 The Role of Circumcision in Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections 27 Kourosh Afshar, Behnam Kazemi, and Andrew E. MacNeily 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Biological Mechanisms 27 2.3 Methods of Circumcision 28 2.4 Complications 28 2.5 Role of MC in Transmission of HIV 29 2.6 Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) 30 2.7 Nonulcerative STIs 31 2.8 Ulcerative STIs/Genital Ulcer Disease (GUD) 32 2.9 Use of Male Circumcision as a Public Health Measure 34 2.10 Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 35 3 Effect of Probiotics on Reproductive Health 41 Piotr Kochan, Magdalena Strus, and Piotr B. Heczko 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Definition of Probiotics 43 3.3 Vaginal Microflora (Microbiota) 46 3.4 Applications of Probiotics in Vaginal and Reproductive Health 49 3.5 Conclusions 53 4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection 61 Santosh Kumar Singh and Sunit K. Singh 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 HIV Structure/Genome 62 4.3 Routes of Transmission 64 4.4 Host Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 69 4.5 Viral Factors Influencing HIV Infectivity in Sexual Transmission 70 4.6 Mechanism of Pathogenesis 71 4.7 Diagnosis of HIV Infections 72 4.8 Therapeutics 73 4.9 Conclusion 74 5 Genital Herpes 83 Andreas Sauerbrei 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Pathogen 83 5.3 Epidemiology 84 5.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 84 5.5 Clinical Features 86 5.6 Diagnosis 87 5.7 Treatment 90 5.8 Prevention and Control 93 5.9 Conclusion 94 6 Molluscum Contagiosum 101 Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak and Ayse Serap Karadag 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Epidemiology 101 6.3 Molecular Pathogenesis 102 6.4 Diagnosis 103 6.5 Clinical Features 106 6.6 Mode of Spread of Infections 107 6.7 Treatment 107 6.8 Conclusion 113 7 Genital Warts 119 Filip Rob 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Human Papillomavirus 119 7.3 Epidemiology 121 7.4 Risk and Protective Factors 121 7.5 Clinical Features 122 7.6 Diagnostics 124 7.7 Differential Diagnosis 125 7.8 Treatment 126 7.9 Specific Groups 129 7.10 HPV Vaccination 130 8 Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentations, and Pathogenesis 135 Charles W. Armitage, Alison J. Carey, Danica K. Hickey, and Kenneth W. Beagley 8.1 Introduction 135 8.2 Epidemiology 135 8.3 Chlamydial Biology 136 8.4 Clinical Features 138 8.5 Pathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections 145 8.6 Diagnosis and Treatment 150 8.7 Prevention and Control 151 8.8 Conclusion 152 9 Donovanosis 167 Sarita Martins De Carvalho Bezerra, Marcio Martins Lobo Jardim, and Juliana Uchiyama 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Epidemiology 168 9.3 Pathology 168 9.4 Incubation Period 169 9.5 Clinical Pictures 170 9.6 Sites of Involvement 174 9.7 Complications and Sequelae 175 9.8 Diagnosis 175 9.9 Differential Diagnosis 176 9.10 Treatment 176 9.11 Prevention and Control 177 9.12 Disease Control and Prevention 178 10 Gonorrhea 181 María Teresa Pérez]Gracia and Beatriz Suay]García 10.1 Introduction 181 10.2 Pathogen 182 10.3 Pathogenesis and Immunity 185 10.4 Epidemiology 186 10.5 Clinical Features 188 10.6 Diagnosis 189 10.7 Treatment 198 10.8 Prevention and Control 200 10.9 Conclusion 202 11 Sexually Transmitted Treponematoses 211 Lenka Mikalová and David Šmajs 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Genetics of TPA and TEN Strains 212 11.3 Virulence Factors of Syphilis and Bejel 214 11.4 Diagnostics of Syphilis and Bejel 215 11.5 Treatment of Syphilis and Bejel 217 11.6 Molecular Typing of Syphilis and Bejel Treponemes 220 11.7 Vaccine Development for Syphilis and Bejel 222 12 Genital Mycoplasmas 233 Suncanica Ljubin]Sternak 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Biology 234 12.3 Pathogenesis 235 12.4 Epidemiology 237 12.5 Clinical Presentation 238 12.6 Laboratory Diagnosis 243 12.7 Treatment 247 12.8 Prevention and Control 248 13 Bacterial Vaginosis 257 Aliona Rosca and Nuno Cerca 13.1 Introduction 257 13.2 Implication of G. vaginalis in Bacterial Vaginosis 258 13.3 Epidemiology and Risk Factors 260 13.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 261 13.5 Clinical Features 263 13.6 Diagnosis 263 13.7 Treatment 266 13.8 Conclusions 268 14 Chancroid 277 Margaret E. Bauer and Diane M. Janowicz 14.1 Introduction 277 14.2 Epidemiology of Chancroid and H. ducreyi 277 14.3 Clinical Features 278 14.4 The Pathogen 279 14.5 Pathogenesis and Immunity 280 14.6 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 284 14.7 Chronic Limb Ulcers Caused by H. ducreyi 285 14.8 Conclusions 286 15 Vulvovaginal Candidosis 293 Gilbert G.G. Donders, Katerina S. Ruban, Gert Bellen, and Sivtrigaile Grinceviciene 15.1 Introduction 293 15.2 Etiology 293 15.3 Epidemiology 294 15.4 Pathogenesis and Immunity 300 15.5 Symptoms and Signs 305 15.6 Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis 306 15.7 Treatment 311 16 Tinea Cruris 329 Anuradha Bishnoi and Rahul Mahajan 16.1 Introduction 329 16.2 Etiology and Epidemiology 330 16.3 Tinea Cruris as a Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) 331 16.4 Transmission 331 16.5 Pathogenesis 332 16.6 Differential Diagnoses 336 16.7 Laboratory Diagnosis 336 16.8 Treatment of Tinea Cruris and Genitalis 337 16.9 Conclusion 338 Acknowledgments 339 17 Trichomonas Vaginalis 341 Barbara Van Der Pol 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 Epidemiology of T. vaginalis 342 17.3 HIV and Trichomonas 344 17.4 Biology and Pathogenesis of T. vaginalis 345 17.5 Clinical Features of T. vaginalis Infection 346 17.6 Diagnosis of T. vaginalis 348 17.7 Treatment of T. vaginalis 350 17.8 Conclusion 351 18 Scabies 357 Giuseppe Micali, Giorgia Giuffrida, and Francesco Lacarrubba 18.1 Introduction 357 18.2 Epidemiology 357 18.3 Etiopathogenesis 358 18.4 Clinical Features 359 18.5 Diagnosis 363 18.6 Treatment 366 18.7 Prevention and Control 368 18.8 Conclusion 368 References 368 Index 373