Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems

Major changes in gas turbine design, especially in the design and complexity of engine control systems, have led to the need for an up to date, systems-oriented treatment of gas turbine propulsion. Pulling together all of the systems and subsystems associated with gas turbine engines in aircraft and marine applications, Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems discusses the latest developments in the field. Chapters include aircraft engine systems functional overview, marine propulsion systems, fuel control and power management systems, engine lubrication and scavenging systems, nacelle and ancillary systems, engine certification, unique engine systems and future developments in gas turbine propulsion systems. The authors also present examples of specific engines and applications. Written from a wholly practical perspective by two authors with long careers in the gas turbine & fuel systems industries, Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems provides an excellent resource for project and program managers in the gas turbine engine community, the aircraft OEM community, and tier 1 equipment suppliers in Europe and the United States. It also offers a useful reference for students and researchers in aerospace engineering.

About the Authors x Preface xii Series Preface xi vAcknowledgements xv iList of Acronyms xviii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Gas Turbine Concepts 1 1.2 Gas Turbine Systems Overview 6 2 Basic Gas Turbine Operation 11 2.1 Turbojet Engine Performance 11 2.2 Concluding Commentary 35 3 Gas Generator Fuel Control Systems 37 3.1 Basic Concepts of the Gas Generator Fuel Control System 37 3.2 Gas Generator Control Modes 40 3.3 Fuel System Design and Implementation 65 3.4 The Concept of Error Budgets in Control Design 77 3.5 Installation, Qualification, and Certification Considerations 84 3.6 Concluding Commentary 88 4 Thrust Engine Control and Augmentation Systems 89 4.1 Thrust Engine Concepts 89 4.2 Thrust Management and Control 92 4.3 Thrust Augmentation 95 5 Shaft Power Propulsion Control Systems 105 5.1 Turboprop Applications 110 5.2 Turboshaft Engine Applications 119 6 Engine Inlet, Exhaust, and Nacelle Systems 131 6.1 Subsonic Engine Air Inlets 131 6.2 Supersonic Engine Air Inlets 136 6.3 Inlet Anti-icing 150 6.4 Exhaust Systems 151 7 Lubrication Systems 161 7.1 Basic Principles 161 7.2 Lubrication System Operation 169 8 Power Extraction and Starting Systems 181 8.1 Mechanical Power Extraction 181 8.2 Engine Starting 187 8.3 Bleed-air-powered Systems and Equipment 189 9 Marine Propulsion Systems 195 9.1 Propulsion System Designation 197 9.2 The Aero-derivative Gas Turbine Engine 198 9.3 The Marine Environment 199 9.4 The Engine Enclosure 206 9.5 Engine Ancillary Equipment 209 9.6 Marine Propulsion Control 214 9.7 Concluding Commentary 224 10 Prognostics and Health Monitoring Systems 227 10.1 Basic Concepts in Engine Operational Support Systems 229 10.2 The Role of Design in Engine Maintenance 234 10.3 Prognostics and Health Monitoring (PHM) 243 11 New and Future Gas Turbine Propulsion System Technologies 257 11.1 Thermal Efficiency 257 11.2 Improvements in Propulsive Efficiency 260 11.3 Other Engine Technology Initiatives 268 Appendix A Compressor Stage Performance 279 A.1 The Origin of Compressor Stage Characteristics 279 A.2 Energy Transfer from Rotor to Air 281 Appendix B Estimation of Compressor Maps 285 B.1 Design Point Analysis 288 B.2 Stage Stacking Analysis 291 Appendix C Thermodynamic Modeling of Gas Turbines 295 C.1 Linear Small-perturbation Modeling 295 C.2 Full-range Model: Extended Linear Approach 298 C.3 Component-based Thermodynamic Models 299 Appendix D Introduction to Classical Feedback Control 307 D.1 Closing the Loop 307 D.2 Block Diagrams and Transfer Functions 308 D.3 The Concept of Stability 310 D.4 Frequency Response 311 D.5 Laplace Transforms 315 Reference 321 Index 323