The Developing Human Brain

Clinics in Developmental Medicine Well over 200 illustrations, many in colour Co-authored by two experts in neuropathology and neuroimaging Takes a quantitative approach to brain growth in weight, gyrus formation, myelination, and spectroscopy of the developing brain The only book in this field to include chapters in angiogenesis, fetal behaviour, and reactions to chronic illness This book is about human brain development, focusing on the last half of gestation and the neonatal and infant periods. These periods bring the greatest risk for the acquisition of childhood functional neurologic deficits, including cerebral palsy, developmental delay and intellectual disability. Section 1 covers typical development, including growth in brain weight, ventricular surfaces, gyral development, myelinated tract development, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and angiogenesis, all serving as reference points for section 2, which deals with common acquired brain abnormalities, some of which are often underemphasized or overlooked. The topics in section 2 include retrocerebellar cysts, abnormal events in fetal brain, white-matter abnormalities, lesions of gray and white matter, hemorrhage, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus, late expressions of fetal brain disease, and reactions of the developing brain to chronic disease. Between sections 1 and 2 is a chapter on embryonic and fetal physiologic reactions to external stimuli. Where appropriate, the authors have combined pathologic with neuroimaging examples to help the reader better understand the neuroimages that they encounter. Much of the information in the book is based on data from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project, still the only large autopsy survey of late fetal brain lesions. Readership: Developmental neurobiologists, neuroscientists, paediatricians, neuropathologists, pediatric neuroradiologists, pediatric neurologists, neonatologists, perinatologists.

Preface vii Acknowledgments viii 1 Introduction 1 Section 1 11 2 Brain Growth 13 3 Fetal Ventricular Size, Surfaces, and Appendages 28 4 Germinal Tissue (Subventricular Zone) 48 5 Surface Configuration-Gyral Pattern Development 65 6 Myelinated Tracts: Growth Patterns 94 7 Developing Brain Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 152 8 Angiogenesis 179 Section 2 201 9 Developmental Human Fetal Reactions: Avoid, Squint, Scowl, Sneer, and Pucker 203 10 Blake's Pouch and Retrocerebellar Cysts: Posterior Fossa Cysts 219 11 Developmental Central Nervous System Aberration 238 12 Cerebral White Matter Abnormalities 253 13 Late Fetal and Perinatal Brain Vascular Abnormalities and Necroses 285 14 Fetal and Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage 328 15 Ventriculomegaly, Large Head, Megalencephaly, And Hydrocephalus 348 16 Developing Brain Reactions During Chronic Childhood Disease 380 17 Concluding Remarks 385 Index 389 Color Plate Section Follows 400