The Land of Ionia

Incorporating over a century of archaeological research, Greaves offers a reassessment of Archaic Ionia that attempts to understand the region within its larger Mediterranean context and provides a thematic overview of its cities and people. Seeks to balance the Greek and Anatolian cultural influences at work in Ionia in this important period of its history (700BC to the Battle of Lade in 494BC) Organised thematically, covering landscape, economy, cities, colonisation, warfare, cult, and art Accesses German and Turkish scholarship, presenting a useful point of entry to the published literature for academics and students

List of illustrations viii List of tables x Preface xi Acknowledgments xiv Prologue xvi 1 FINDING IONIA 1 Introduction 1 The Source Materials 2 Excavation and Publication 22 Conclusions 26 2 CONSTRUCTING CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGIES OF IONIA 27 Introduction 27 Traditional Approaches to Classical Archaeology in Ionia 28 The German and Turkish "Schools" of Archaeology 32 Annaliste Perspectives on Archaeology 36 A New Approach to the Land of Ionia 39 Conclusions 43 3 A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE 45 Introduction 45 Ionia's Geographical Zones 46 Landscape Dynamism 57 The Ionian Landscape and Ionian Identity 65 Conclusions 67 4 THE WEALTH OF IONIA 69 Introduction 69 Modes of Primary Production 71 Modes of Processing 79 Modes of Exchange 84 Ionia and World Systems 89 Conclusions 91 5 THE CITIES OF IONIA 95 Introduction 95 A Brief Survey of the Ionian Cities 96 Other Settlements in Ionia 107 The Size and Distribution of Poleis within Ionia 110 François de Polignac in Ionia 112 The City and Ionian Identity 115 Conclusions 118 6 THE IONIANS OVERSEAS 120 Introduction 120 Source Materials 121 Interpreting the Evidence 129 Colonial Interactions 131 Models of Ionian Colonization 137 Conclusions 143 7 THE IONIANS AT WAR 145 Introduction 145 Geographical Settings 147 Archaeological Contexts and Materials 148 Literary Sources 154 Discussion: Issues in Source Materials 156 The Fortification of Ionia 156 Naval Warfare 164 Mercenaries 166 Conclusions 168 8 CULTS OF IONIA 171 Introduction 171 Geographical Evidence 172 Archaeological Evidence 174 Contents vii Literary and Epigraphic Evidence 179 Discussion of Source Materials 180 The Sacred Ways of Ionia 180 "Foreign" Influences on Ionian Cult 193 Burial Practices in Ionia 197 Conclusions 199 9 THE ORNAMENTS OF IONIA 201 Introduction 201 "Art" and Landscape 203 Ionia's Lost "Art" Treasures 203 "Art" and Literature 207 "Connoisseurship" of Ionian Pottery 207 "Reading" Ionian "Art" 214 Conclusions 218 10 WHO WERE THE IONIANS? 219 Introduction 219 Herodotos' Ionia 219 The Myth of the Ionian Migration 222 Ionian Identity and Archaeology 225 Conclusions 227 Epilogue 231 Glossary of ancient Greek [and modern Turkish] terms used in the text 233 Bibliography 235 Index 255