Analytical Instrumentation

Analytical Instrumentation is a treatment of process analytical technology by a distinguished group of experts, documenting over 50 years of process analyzer development, from its origins in the research laboratory at Ludwigshafen, DE, in the late 1930s to its current, dynamic worldwide status in the early 1990s. Designed for field analyzer technicians, newly graduated engineers-in-training and experienced manufacturer's application personnel, this book offers both theory and real-world experience, including: Drawings of sample systems that work and comments on ones that don't Justifications and organization guidelines on process analyzer systems Discussions on implementation issues, including justification, purchasing, training and validation Descriptions of specific analyzer types and the fundamentals of application for a variety of situations

About This Series v Call for Participation vii Preface xvii About the Editors xix Contributors xxi Introduction xxiii Part I Implementation of Process Analyzer Systems 1 Chapter 1 Typical Process Analyzer Application Justifications 3 Chapter 2 Interfacing with Process Analyzer Systems 33 Chapter 3 Process Sample Conditioning Systems 59 Chapter 4 Principles of Process Analyzer Calibration 103 Chapter 5 SPC/SQC for Process Analyzer Systems 115 Chapter 6 Validation of Process Analyzers 161 Chapter 7 Specification and Purchase of Process Analyzer Systems 171 Chapter 8 Process Analyzer System Training Considerations 183 Chapter 9 Process Analyzer System Maintenance: Personnel and Organizational Issues 181 Part II Process Analyzer Application Fundamentals 217 Physical Property Process Analyzer Systems 219 Chapter 10 Boiling Point Analyzers 221 Chapter 11 Cloud Point and Pour Point Analyzers 241 Chapter 12 Flash Point Analyzers 251 Chapter 13 Freeze Point Analyzers 263 Chapter 14 Refractive Index Analyzers 269 Chapter 15 Thermal Conductivity Analyzers 283 Chapter 16 Combustible Gas Analyzers 291 Chapter 17 Viscosity Analyzers (Non-ASTM) 309 Chapter 18 Moisture/Dew Point Analyzers 325 Chapter 19 Hydrogen Sulfide Analyzers 343 Chapter 20 Total Sulfur Analyzers 359 Chapter 21 Octane and Cetane Analyzers 367 Chapter 22 Vapor Pressure Analyzers 387 Chapter 23 Vapor-to-Liquid Ratio (V/L) Analyzers 401 Electrochemical Process Analyzer Systems 407 Chapter 24 Conductivity Analyzers 409 Chapter 25 PH Analyzers 431 Chapter 26 ORP (REDOX) Analyzers 457 Chapter 27 Trace Oxygen Analyzers 483 Spectrophotometric Process Analyzer Systems 495 Chapter 28 Infrared (IR and NDIR) Absorption Analyzers 497 Chapter 29 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analyzers 513 Chapter 30 Near Infrared (NIR) Analyzers 531 Chapter 31 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/VIS) Absorption Analyzers 565 Chapter 32 Chemiluminescence (CHEMIL) Analyzers 593 Compositional Process Analyzer Systems 617 Chapter 33 Gas Chromatographic (GC) Analyzers 619 Chapter 34 Liquid Chromatographic (LC) Analyzers 645 Chapter 35 Distillation (% OFF) Analyzers 673 Chapter 36 Mass Spectrometric (MASS SPEC) Analyzers 579 Appendix 1 ROI - An Economic Evaluation 701 Appendix 2 Computer Simulation of Control Charts 705 Appendix 3 Linear Regression and Least Squares 709 Appendix 4 Discrimination 717 Index 719