Handbook of Biomedical Telemetry

A must-have compendium on biomedical telemetry for all biomedical professional engineers, researchers, and graduate students in the field Handbook of Biomedical Telemetry describes the main components of a typical biomedical telemetry system, as well as its technical challenges. Written by a diverse group of experts in the field, it is filled with overviews, highly-detailed scientific analyses, and example applications of biomedical telemetry. The book also addresses technologies for biomedical sensing and design of biomedical telemetry devices with special emphasis on powering/integration issues and materials for biomedical telemetry applications. Handbook of Biomedical Telemetry: Describes the main components of a typical biomedical telemetry system, along with the technical challenges Discusses issues of spectrum regulations, standards, and interoperability—while major technical challenges related to advanced materials, miniaturization, and biocompatibility issues are also included Covers body area electromagnetics, inductive coupling, antennas for biomedical telemetry, intra-body communications, non-RF communication links for biomedical telemetry (optical biotelemetry), as well as safety issues, human phantoms, and exposure assessment to high-frequency biotelemetry fields Presents biosensor network topologies and standards; context-aware sensing and multi-sensor fusion; security and privacy issues in biomedical telemetry; and the connection between biomedical telemetry and telemedicine Introduces clinical applications of Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) in addition to selected examples of wearable, implantable, ingestible devices, stimulator and integrated mobile healthcare system paradigms for monitoring and therapeutic intervention Covering biomedical telemetry devices, biosensor network topologies and standards, clinical applications, wearable and implantable devices, and the effects on the mobile healthcare system, this compendium is a must-have for professional engineers, researchers, and graduate students.

Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Contributors xxv 1 Introduction to Biomedical Telemetry 1 Konstantina S. Nikita 1.1 What is Biomedical Telemetry? 1 1.2 Significance of Area 3 1.3 Typical Biomedical Telemetry System 4 1.4 Challenges in Biomedical Telemetry 5 1.5 Commercial Medical Telemetry Devices 14 1.6 Overview of Book 19 References 23 Part I Biomedical Telemetry Devices 27 2 Design Considerations of Biomedical Telemetry Devices 29 Dominik Cirmirakis and Andreas Demosthenous 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Energy Transfer Types 30 2.3 Architecture of Inductively Coupled Biomedical Telemetry Devices 31 2.4 Data Transmission Methods 39 2.5 Safety Issues 44 2.6 Conclusion 51 References 51 3 Sensing Principles for Biomedical Telemetry 56 Athanasios Lioumpas, Georgia Ntouni, and Konstantina S. Nikita 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Biosensor Structure 57 3.3 Electrochemical Biosensors 59 3.4 Optical Biosensors 63 3.5 Thermal/Calorimetric Biosensors 67 3.6 Piezoelectric Biosensors 69 3.7 Other Types of Biosensors 71 3.8 Conclusions 72 References 73 4 Sensing Technologies for Biomedical Telemetry 76 Toshiyo Tamura 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Noninvasive Sensors and Interfaces 77 4.3 Invasive and Implantable Sensors 92 4.4 Conclusion 101 References 101 5 Power Issues in Biomedical Telemetry 108 Manos M. Tentzeris, Rushi Vyas, Wei Wei, Yoshihiro Kawahara, Li Yang, Stavros Georgakopoulos, Vasileios Lakafosis, Sangkil Kim, Hoseon Lee, Taoran Le, Sagar Mukala, and Anya Traille 5.1 Introduction and Powering Mechanisms 108 5.2 Motion-Powered Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Wireless Sensors 109 5.3 Noninvasive Wireless Methods for Powering on Sensors 112 5.4 Conclusion 129 References 129 Part II Propagation and Communication Issues for Biomedical Telemetry 131 6 Numerical and Experimental Techniques for Body Area Electromagnetics 133 Asimina Kiourti and Konstantina S. Nikita 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Electrical Properties of Human Body Tissues 135 6.3 Numerical Modeling 139 6.4 Physical Modeling 154 6.5 Safety Issues 164 6.6 Conclusion 167 References 168 7 Inductive Coupling 174 Maysam Ghovanloo and Mehdi Kiani 7.1 Introduction 174 7.2 Induction Principles 175 7.3 Wireless Power Transmission 178 7.4 Inductive Coupling for Biomedical Telemetry 186 7.5 Inductive Data Transmission 192 7.6 Broader Applications 201 7.7 Future Research Directions 202 7.8 Conclusion 202 References 203 8 Antennas and RF Communication 209 Asimina Kiourti and Konstantina S. Nikita 8.1 Introduction 209 8.2 Background Information 211 8.3 On-Body Antennas 212 8.4 Implantable Antennas 223 8.5 Ingestible Antennas 235 8.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 245 References 246 9 Intrabody Communication 252 Laura M. Roa, Javier Reina-Tosina, Amparo Callejón-Leblic, David Naranjo, and Miguel Á. Estudillo-Valderrama 9.1 Introduction 252 9.2 Intrabody Communication Transmission Methods 256 9.3 Dielectric Properties of Human Body 259 9.4 Experimental Characterization of IBC Channel 265 9.5 Introduction to IBC Models 273 9.6 IBC Propagation Channel 282 9.7 Conclusion 292 Acknowledgments 294 References 294 10 Optical Biotelemetry 301 Koichi Shimizu 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Optical Technology for Optical Biotelemetry 303 10.3 Communication Technology for Optical Telemetry 306 10.4 Propagation of Optical Signal 309 10.5 Multiplexing in Optical Telemetry 313 10.6 Applications of Optical Telemetry 316 10.7 Conclusion 327 References 328 11 Biosensor Communication Technology and Standards 330 Lars Schmitt, Javier Espina, Thomas Falck, and Dong Wang 11.1 Introduction 330 11.2 Biosensor Application Scenarios 332 11.3 Biosensor Communication Technologies 335 11.4 Conclusion 364 References 365 12 Context-Aware Sensing and Multisensor Fusion 368 Stefan Hey 12.1 Introduction 368 12.2 Context-Aware Sensing 368 12.3 Multisensor Fusion 373 12.4 Example Application: Stress Measurement 378 12.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 379 References 379 13 Security and Privacy in Biomedical Telemetry: Mobile Health Platform for Secure Information Exchange 382 Nikolaos Bourbakis, Alexandros Pantelopoulos, and Raghudeep Kannavara 13.1 Introduction 382 13.2 Digital Security 383 13.3 Wearable Health Monitoring Systems (WHMS) Platform 390 13.4 Processing of Physiological Data 394 13.5 Secure Information Exchange 400 13.6 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 414 Acknowledgment 415 References 415 14 Connection Between Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine 419 Emmanouil G. Spanakis, Vangelis Sakkalis, Kostas Marias, and Manolis Tsiknakis 14.1 Introduction 419 14.2 Biomedical Instrumentation 420 14.3 Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine: Related Work 421 14.4 Theory and Applications of Biomedical Telemetry 423 14.5 Integration of Biomedical Telemetry with Telemedicine 423 14.6 Wireless Communication Protocols and Standards 425 14.7 Cross-Layer Design of Wireless Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine Health Networks 425 14.8 Telecommunication Networks in Health Care for Biomedical Telemetry 428 14.9 Future Research Directions and Challenges 437 14.10 Conclusion 440 References 442 15 Safety Issues in Biomedical Telemetry 445 Konstantinos A. Psathas, Asimina Kiourti, and Konstantina S. Nikita 15.1 Introduction 445 15.2 Operational Safety 446 15.3 Product and Device Hazards 450 15.4 Patient and Clinical Safety 454 15.5 Human Factor and Use Issues 458 15.6 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference Issues 461 15.7 Applicable Guidelines 464 15.8 Occupational Safety 471 15.9 Future Research Directions 472 15.10 Conclusion 473 References 474 Part III Example Applications of Biomedical Telemetry 479 16 Clinical Applications of Body Sensor Networks 481 Richard M. Kwasnicki and Guang-Zhong Yang 16.1 Introduction 481 16.2 Healthcare Paradigm Shift for Pervasive Sensing 483 16.3 Usage Scenarios 484 16.4 Opportunities and Future Challenges 494 16.5 Conclusion 501 Acknowledgment 502 References 502 17 Wearable Health Care System Paradigm 505 Yang Hao and Robert Foster 17.1 Introduction 505 17.2 Wireless Wearable Technology in Health Care 506 17.3 Methods and Design Approach for Wireless Wearable Systems 509 17.4 Example Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Applications in Health Care 516 17.5 Conclusion 521 References 521 18 Epidermal Sensor Paradigm: Inner Layer Tissue Monitoring 525 Dimitris Psychoudakis, Chi-Chih Chen, Gil-Young Lee, and John L. Volakis 18.1 Introduction 525 18.2 Review of Electromagnetic Properties of Human Body 526 18.3 Propagation Modes for Body-Centric Wireless Communications 531 18.4 Human Torso Model for Body-Centric Wireless Communication 537 18.5 Two-Layer Model for Internal Organ Monitoring 542 18.6 Epidermal RF Sensor for Inner Layer Tissue Monitoring 542 18.7 Extraction of Dielectric Constant 544 18.8 Conclusion 546 References 547 19 Implantable Health Care System Paradigm 549 Masaharu Takahashi and Koichi Ito 19.1 Introduction 549 19.2 Multilayered Model Simulating Human Body 550 19.3 Cardiac Pacemaker Embedded in Multilayered Models 554 19.4 Implantable Health Care System Paradigm 562 19.5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 568 References 570 20 Ingestible Health Care System Paradigm for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy 572 Nikolaos Bourbakis and Alexandros Karargyris 20.1 Introduction 572 20.2 WCE and Endoscopic Imaging 576 20.3 Diagnostic Methods and Challenges 585 20.4 Future Directions: Design New Generation of WCE 586 20.5 Conclusion and WCE Global Health Care 591 References 591 21 Stimulator Paradigm: Artificial Retina 593 Carlos J. Cela, Keyoor C. Gosalia, Anil Kumar RamRakhyani, Gianluca Lazzi, Shruthi Soora, Gerard J. Hayes, and Michael D. Dickey 21.1 Introduction 593 21.2 Telemetry for Artificial Retina 594 21.3 Intraocular Telemetry Antennas 595 21.4 Multicoil Telemetry 611 21.5 Future Research Directions: Flexible and Liquid Antennas 618 21.6 Conclusion 620 References 620 22 mHealth-Integrated System Paradigm: Diabetes Management 623 Alessio Fioravanti, Giuseppe Fico, Alejandro González Patón, Jan-Paul Leuteritz, Alejandra Guillén Arredondo, and María Teresa Arredondo Waldmeyer 22.1 Clinical Treatment 623 22.2 Diabetes Treatment through Telemetry 624 22.3 Problems Related to Current Treatments 625 22.4 Assessment: State of the Art 625 22.5 Technological Solution 626 22.6 METABO System 627 22.7 Evaluation Methodology: Data Collection and System Testing 629 22.8 Results 631 22.9 Conclusion 631 Acknowledgments 632 References 632 23 Advanced Material-Based Sensing Structures 633 Manos M. Tentzeris, Sangkil Kim, Vasileios Lakafosis, Hoseon Lee, Taoran Le, Rushi Vyas, Sagar Mukala, and Anya Traille 23.1 Introduction 633 23.2 Human-Body-Wearable Antennas 634 23.3 Carbon-Nanotube-Based Ammonia Detection for Medical Diagnosis 656 23.4 Graphene-Based Ammonia Detection for Medical Diagnosis 670 23.5 Integrated Wireless Modules 679 23.6 Conclusion 685 References 686 Index 691