Smart Charging Infrastructures

Drive the future of sustainable mobility with this essential book, which offers a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary guide to the challenges and AI-driven innovations for developing smart, efficient electric vehicle charging solutions. The shift to electric vehicles supports the global commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. However, crucial charging infrastructure is a key component for encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles. As a developing country, India is experiencing rapid urbanization, leading to higher vehicle ownership rates. With more vehicles on the road, the demand for charging infrastructure is growing, making smart chargers essential to efficiently manage and distribute electricity for electric vehicles. This book offers a comprehensive look at the challenges and innovations for electric vehicle charging solutions to expedite the transition to net-zero emissions. It focuses on the convergence of various technologies, including AI and deep and machine learning for smart charging systems. Through a multi-disciplinary approach and real-world case studies, this book will serve as an essential resource for innovators looking towards the future of green transportation.

Preface xv 1 Towards Sustainable Mobility: An Autonomous Electric Vehicle Charging Station Powered by Multifaceted Renewable Energy Sources 1 K. Kathiravan and P. N. Rajnarayanan 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Description of the Proposed Charging Station 4 1.3 Design and Analysis of the System 5 1.3.1 PV System 5 1.3.2 Wind 8 1.3.3 Fuel Cell 9 1.3.4 Boost Converter with MPPT 9 1.3.5 Buck Converter 10 1.3.6 EV Charge Controller 10 1.4 System Design Calculations 11 1.4.1 PV System 11 1.4.2 Wind Turbine 13 1.4.3 Fuel Cell 13 1.4.4 Battery Energy Storage System 14 1.5 Result Analysis 15 1.5.1 Case 1: PV BES Setup 15 1.5.2 Case 2: PV BES Wind Setup 18 1.5.3 Case 3: PV BES FC Setup 19 1.5.4 Case 4: BES Wind Setup 21 1.5.5 Case 5: BES FC Setup 22 1.5.6 Case 6: BES Wind FC Setup 23 1.5.7 Case 7: PV BES Wind FC Setup 24 1.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook 25 References 26 2 Innovating EV Charging Infrastructure: A Hybrid Energy Storage System Approach for Solar Powered-Based dc Microgrid 29 Sandeep S. D., Satyajit Mohanty and Shashi Bhushan 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 System Architecture 30 2.2.1 Modeling of PV System 30 2.2.2 Battery Storage System 32 2.2.3 Supercapacitor 33 2.3 Power Management System 33 2.4 Results and Discussion 36 2.5 Conclusion 39 References 39 3 Design of Intermediate Charging Facilitated Port Configuration of Charging Station with Consideration of Reliability and Cost 41 K. Vaishali and D. Rama Prabha 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Methodology for Estimating the Reliability Probability of Charging Ports 43 3.3 Introduced Pattern Identical and Non-Identical Configuration 46 3.4 Results and Discussions 49 3.4.1 Identical Port Configuration 49 3.5 Conclusion 54 References 55 4 AI-Based Smart Charging Infrastructures: Revolutionizing Electric Vehicle Integration 57 V. Bagyaveereswaran, S.L. Arun, M. Manimozhi and B. Jaganatha Pandian 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Fundamentals of Smart Charging 59 4.2.1 Benefits of Smart-Charging Infrastructure 61 4.2.2 Deployment Factors for Smart Charging 62 4.3 Role of AI in Smart Charging 64 4.3.1 Understanding Artificial Intelligence in Charging Infrastructures 64 4.3.2 Machine Learning Algorithms for Predictive Charging 66 4.3.2.1 Benefits of ML-Powered Predictive Charging 69 4.3.3 Real-Time Data Analytics and Optimization Techniques 70 4.3.3.1 Real-Time Data Analytics 71 4.3.3.2 Optimization Techniques 71 4.3.4 AI-Based Demand Response Management 72 4.3.4.1 Understanding Demand Response Management 73 4.3.4.2 Benefits of AI-Based DRM for Charging Stations 74 4.4 Components of AI-Based Smart Charging Systems 74 4.4.1 Sensors and IoT Devices for Data Collection 75 4.4.2 Cloud Computing and Edge Computing Platforms 77 4.4.2.1 Cloud Computing Platforms 78 4.4.2.2 Edge Computing Platforms 78 4.4.3 Communication Protocols and Network Infrastructure 79 4.4.4 Control Algorithms for Dynamic Charging Control 81 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 83 4.5.1 Security and Privacy Concerns in AI-Driven Infrastructures 84 4.5.2 Scalability and Interoperability Issues 84 4.5.3 Regulatory and Policy Implications 86 4.5.4 Emerging Technologies and Trends in Smart Charging 86 Bibliography 87 5 EV Smart Charging Using RES—Challenges 91 Sowmya Ramachandradurai, Joylin Mary J. and D.F. Jingle Jabha Acronyms 91 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 System Description 92 5.2.1 Description of Photovoltaic (PV) Source 93 5.2.2 Description of Wind Energy 93 5.2.3 Description of EV 94 5.2.4 Objective Function 95 5.2.5 Constraint Conditions 95 5.2.5.1 Equality Constraint 95 5.2.5.2 Generator Constraint 96 5.2.6 Framework of Optimization Algorithm 96 5.3 Results and Discussion 98 5.4 Conclusion 99 References 101 6 Green Energy-Based Active Grid Optimization Using Deep Learning for EV Charging Infrastructure 105 D. Shruthi, R. Raja Singh, S. L. Arun and R. Rengaraj 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Active Grid and Edge Computing 107 6.3 Modeling of Standalone Hybrid System 109 6.3.1 Solar PV Cell Model 109 6.3.2 Wind Turbine Model 112 6.3.3 EV Battery Model 114 6.4 Deep Learning and Its Implementation 115 6.4.1 Energy Demand Pattern 117 6.4.2 Wind Speed 120 6.4.3 Solar Irradiation 121 6.5 Micro-Grid and Control Mechanism 123 6.5.1 Microgrid Functioning in Different Modes 124 6.5.1.1 Islanded Mode 125 6.5.1.2 Multiple Microgrid Control with Centralized Energy Storage System 125 6.5.2 Energy Storage System Simulation 126 6.5.3 Wind Energy Storage System Simulation 127 6.5.4 EV Battery Control Mechanism 129 6.6 Results and Discussion 130 6.6.1 Deep Learning 130 6.6.2 Matlab/Simulink Model 132 6.7 Conclusion 134 References 135 7 Bearing Fault Diagnosis in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Deep Neural Network 137 Geetha G., Shanthini C., Geethanjali P. and Yokkeshwaran K. 7.1 Introduction 138 7.2 Methodology 141 7.2.1 Discrete Wavelet Transform 142 7.2.2 Kurtogram 144 7.2.3 Deep Neural Network-VGG 146 7.3 Results and Discussion 148 7.3.1 Case 1: Using DWT 148 7.3.2 Case 2: Using Kurtogram 148 7.4 Conclusion 152 References 152 8 Enhancing Efficiency in Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converters: A Hybrid Control Approach 157 Aryan Chaturvedi, M. Rajalakshmi and Razia Sultana W. 8.1 Introduction 158 8.2 Bidirectional CLLC Resonant Converter 159 8.3 Working by Controlling Conversion of Frequency 160 8.4 How the Inductance Factor (k) Affects Voltage Gain (M) 162 8.5 How the Quality Factor (Q) Influences Voltage Gain (M) 163 8.6 Understanding Frequency-Conversion Control 164 8.7 Combining Frequency Conversion and Phase Shifting with a Hybrid Control Strategy 165 8.8 Simulation Results and Discussion 168 8.9 Conclusion 173 References 173 9 IoT-Based Smart Charging Systems 175 Tanmay Sharma, Pramatha S. Vasishtha and Razia Sultana W. Abbreviation 175 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Remote Monitoring and Telematics 176 9.3 Infrastructure Connectivity for Charging 177 9.4 Autonomous Driving and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) 178 9.5 Logistics and Fleet Management 178 9.6 Sustainability and Energy Management 179 9.7 Services and User Experience 180 9.8 Algorithms for Shortest Path Finding 180 9.8.1 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 180 9.8.2 Bellman–Ford Algorithm 182 9.8.3 A* Search Algorithm 182 9.8.4 Floyd–Warshall Algorithm 183 9.8.5 Bidirectional Search Algorithm 184 9.8.6 Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Algorithm 185 9.8.7 Probabilistic Roadmap Algorithm 187 9.8.8 Hybrid RRT-PRM Model 189 9.9 Advantages 192 9.10 Conclusion 193 References 193 10 Embedded Control of Power Converters in E-Mobility 195 Yeddula Pedda Obulesu and Pallamkuppam Vinodh Kumar 10.1 Introduction 196 10.1.1 Key Components of EV 198 10.2 Evolution of Digital Control in Power Converters 199 10.2.1 Key Functions of Embedded Control of Power Converters 200 10.2.2 Components of Embedded Control Systems 201 10.2.3 Control Strategies 201 10.2.4 Challenges and Innovations 201 10.3 Embedded Systems and Digital Control 202 10.4 Tools and Technologies for Digital Control Systems 202 10.5 Implementation of Embedded Digital Control Based on DSPs 203 10.6 Key Components in Embedded Digital Controllers 205 10.7 Signal Generation for Power Converter Devices 207 10.7.1 Operating Frequency and Resolution 207 10.7.2 Modes of Operation 207 10.8 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) 208 10.9 Code Composer Studio and JTag 212 10.9.1 Functional Requirements of a Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter 217 10.10 Software Development Environment (SDE): Compiler, Linker, Assembler, and Downloader 219 10.11 STM-Based Embedded Controllers 226 10.12 Main Traction Inverter 227 10.13 On-Board Charger 228 10.14 Battery Management System (BMS) 229 Acknowledgement 230 11 Solar Piezo Hybrid Power Charging System 231 Vedanth S., Varun Baalaji S., Shairahul Gautam S., Sharan Vikash, Ashwini K. and R. Resmi 11.1 Introduction 231 11.2 Methodology 233 11.2.1 Simulation Modelling in MATLAB/Simulink 233 11.2.2 Brief Description of Various Parts 234 11.2.3 Block Diagram and Working 235 11.3 Operating Modes 236 11.4 Result and Discussion 237 11.4.1 Simulation Results in MATLAB/Simulink 237 11.4.2 Hardware Implementation 238 11.4.3 IoT Integration 239 11.5 Conclusion 240 Acknowledgments 240 References 240 12 EV Power Train Performance with DC Motor 243 Nithya Chandran and R. Resmi 12.1 Introduction 243 12.2 Methodology 244 12.2.1 Architecture of Battery EV Power Train 244 12.2.2 Requirements of Electric Traction Motors 245 12.2.3 Machine Topologies 246 12.2.4 Vehicle Dynamics and Estimation of Output Parameters 247 12.3 Results and Discussion 249 12.3.1 Simulation Results 249 12.3.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis 250 12.4 Conclusion 251 Acknowledgment 251 References 252 13 RC Vehicle for Delivery 255 Vemulapati Dhanunjaya Reddy, Mallireddy Jayanthi Reddy, Manoj Kumar S., R. Resmi and Y. N. V. Ganesh 13.1 Introduction 256 13.1.1 Description of the RC Vehicle 256 13.1.1.1 Functioning of L298N Motor Driver 256 13.1.1.2 The Functioning of ESP32 Camera Module 256 13.2 Literature Review 257 13.2.1 Research Gap 259 13.3 Methodology 259 13.3.1 Radio-Controlled (RC) Vehicle 259 13.3.2 Camera System 260 13.3.3 Pan-Tilt Mechanism 260 13.3.4 Anti-Theft Locking System 260 13.3.5 Mobile-Application Interface 261 13.4 Result and Discussions 262 13.5 Conclusion 263 References 264 14 Aerodynamic Drag Reduction in Heavy Vehicles 267 Amutha Prabha N., Abhishek Gudipalli, Dyuti Ranjan Acharya, Indragandhi V. and Manee Sangaran Diagarajan 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Literature Survey 268 14.3 Methodology 269 14.3.1 Geometry and Meshing 270 14.3.2 Inlet, Outlet, and Boundary Conditions 272 14.3.3 Computational Procedure 272 14.4 Results and Discussion 273 14.4.1 Pressure Contour Comparison 274 14.4.2 Velocity Contour Comparison 275 14.4.3 Streamline Profile 276 14.4.4 VelocityVector Profile 277 14.5 Analysis Comparison 277 14.5.1 Streamline Comparison at Rear to Understand Flow Characteristics 277 14.5.2 Drag Force Comparison 278 14.6 Conclusion 279 References 279 15 Review of Optimization-Based Sensor Fault Detection for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles 281 Mohana Devi S. and V. Bagyaveereswaran 15.1 Introduction 282 15.2 Gestalt of Battery Sensors 284 15.3 Utilization of Battery Sensors in Electric Vehicles 287 15.3.1 Significance of Sensor Fault Identification in Li-Ion Batteries 290 15.3.2 Sensor Fault Modeling 293 15.4 Optimization in Sensor Fault Detection 293 15.5 Advantages and Category of Metaheuristic Algorithm 297 15.5.1 Applications of Metaheuristic Approach for Sensor Fault Detection in Lithium-Ion Batteries 298 15.5.2 Challenges in Fault Detection 303 15.6 Result and Discussion 305 15.7 Conclusion 306 References 306 16 Development of a Hybrid Foot‐Stamping Bicycle with Dynamic Electric Support: A Sustainable Alternative to Traditional Pedal and Electric Bicycles 313 Sumant Shyam, Jahnavi Gayatri D., Anushka and Abhishek Gudpalli 16.1 Introduction 314 16.2 Background and Motivation 314 16.2.1 Limitations of Traditional Pedal-Based Bicycles 315 16.2.2 The Rise of Electric Bicycles (E-Bikes) 315 16.2.3 The Need for a Hybrid Solution 316 16.2.4 Innovative Foot-Powered System 317 16.2.5 Electric Dynamic Support 317 16.2.6 Motivation for the Proposed Design 318 16.2.7 Design Concepts 318 16.3 Study Objectives 322 16.3.1 Design and Development of the Foot-Stamping Mechanism 323 16.3.2 Integration of Dynamic Electric Support 323 16.3.3 Performance Evaluation and Efficiency Analysis 324 16.3.4 Sustainability and Environmental Impact 324 16.3.5 User Experience and Accessibility 325 16.3.6 Prototype Development and Testing 325 16.4 Scope of Study 326 16.4.1 Design and Engineering Focus 326 16.4.2 Prototyping and System Testing 327 16.4.3 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Assessment 327 16.4.4 User Experience and Practical Application 328 16.4.5 Technical and Financial Feasibility 328 16.4.6 Limitations and Constraints 329 16.5 Conclusion 329 References 330 17 A Novel Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Switch for Electric Vehicle Applications 337 Vijaya Sambhavi Y. and Vijayapriya R. 17.1 Introduction 337 17.2 Proposed mli 340 17.2.1 Description and Analysis of Proposed MLI Circuit 341 17.3 Control Strategy and Simulation Outcomes 342 17.4 Conclusion 346 References 347 Index 349