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【簡介】 An innovative approach that helps students move from the classroom to professional practice This text offers a comprehensive, unified methodology to analyze and design chemical reactors, using a reaction-based design formulation rather than the common species-based design formulation. The book's acclaimed approach addresses the weaknesses of current pedagogy by giving readers the knowledge and tools needed to address the technical challenges they will face in practice. Principles of Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design prepares readers to design and operate real chemical reactors and to troubleshoot any technical problems that may arise. The text's unified methodology is applicable to both single and multiple chemical reactions, to all reactor configurations, and to all forms of rate expression. This text also . . . Describes reactor operations in terms of dimensionless design equations, generating dimensionless operating curves that depict the progress of individual chemical reactions, the composition of species, and the temperature. Combines all parameters that affect heat transfer into a single dimensionless number that can be estimated a priori. Accounts for all variations in the heat capacity of the reacting fluid. Develops a complete framework for economic-based optimization of reactor operations. Problems at the end of each chapter are categorized by their level of difficulty from one to four, giving readers the opportunity to test and develop their skills. Graduate and advanced undergraduate chemical engineering students will find that this text's unified approach better prepares them for professional practice by teaching them the actual skills needed to design and analyze chemical reactors. 【目錄】 Preface xi Notation xv 1 Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering 1 1.1 Classification of Chemical Reactions 2 1.2 Classification of Chemical Reactors 3 1.3 Phenomena and Concepts 8 1.3.1 Stoichiometry 8 1.3.2 Chemical Kinetics 9 1.3.3 Transport Effects 9 1.3.4 Global Rate Expression 14 1.3.5 Species Balance Equation and Reactor Design Equation 14 1.3.6 Energy Balance Equation 15 1.3.7 Momentum Balance Equation 15 1.4 Common Practices 15 1.4.1 Experimental Reactors 16 1.4.2 Selection of Reactor Configuration 16 1.4.3 Selection of Operating Conditions 18 1.4.4 Operational Considerations 18 1.4.5 Scaleup 19 1.4.6 Diagnostic Methods 20 1.5 Industrial Reactors 20 1.6 Summary 21 References 22 2 Stoichiometry 25 2.1 Four Contexts of Chemical Reaction 25 2.2 Chemical Formulas and Stoichiometric Coefficients 26 2.3 Extent of a Chemical Reaction 28 2.4 Independent and Dependent Chemical Reactions 39 2.5 Characterization of the Reactor Feed 47 2.5.1 Limiting Reactant 48 2.5.2 Excess Reactant 49 2.6 Characterization of Reactor Performance 54 2.6.1 Reactant Conversion 54 2.6.2 Product Yield and Selectivity 58 2.7 Dimensionless Extents 64 2.8 Independent Species Composition Specifications 68 2.9 Summary 72 Problems 72 Bibliography 79 3 Chemical Kinetics 81 3.1 Species Formation Rates 81 3.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions 82 3.3 Rate Expressions of Chemical Reactions 86 3.4 Effects of Transport Phenomena 91 3.5 Characteristic Reaction Time 91 3.6 Summary 97 Problems 97 Bibliography 99 4 Species Balances and Design Equations 101 4.1 Macroscopic Species Balances—General Species-Based Design Equations 102 4.2 Species-Based Design Equations of Ideal Reactors 104 4.2.1 Ideal Batch Reactor 104 4.2.2 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 105 4.2.3 Plug-Flow Reactor (PFR) 106 4.3 Reaction-Based Design Equations 107 4.3.1 Ideal Batch Reactor 107 4.3.2 Plug-Flow Reactor 109 4.3.3 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR) 111 4.3.4 Formulation Procedure 112 4.4 Dimensionless Design Equations and Operating Curves 113 4.5 Summary 125 Problems 126 Bibliography 129 5 Energy Balances 131 5.1 Review of Thermodynamic Relations 131 5.1.1 Heat of Reaction 131 5.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Equilibrium Constant 134 5.2 Energy Balances 135 5.2.1 Batch Reactors 136 5.2.2 Flow Reactors 147 5.3 Summary 156 Problems 157 Bibliography 158 6 Ideal Batch Reactor 159 6.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 160 6.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 166 6.2.1 Constant-Volume Reactors 167 6.2.2 Gaseous Variable-Volume Batch Reactors 181 6.2.3 Determination of the Reaction Rate Expression 189 6.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 198 6.4 Nonisothermal Operations 216 6.5 Summary 230 Problems 231 Bibliography 238 7 Plug-Flow Reactor 239 7.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 240 7.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 245 7.2.1 Design 246 7.2.2 Determination of Reaction Rate Expression 261 7.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 265 7.4 Nonisothermal Operations 281 7.5 Effects of Pressure Drop 296 7.6 Summary 308 Problems 309 8 Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor 317 8.1 Design Equations and Auxiliary Relations 318 8.2 Isothermal Operations with Single Reactions 322 8.2.1 Design of a Single CSTR 324 8.2.2 Determination of the Reaction Rate Expression 333 8.2.3 Cascade of CSTRs Connected in Series 336 8.3 Isothermal Operations with Multiple Reactions 341 8.4 Nonisothermal Operations 358 8.5 Summary 370 Problems 370 9 Other Reactor Configurations 377 9.1 Semibatch Reactors 377 9.2 Plug-Flow Reactor with Distributed Feed 400 9.3 Distillation Reactor 416 9.4 Recycle Reactor 425 9.5 Summary 435 Problems 435 10 Economic-Based Optimization 441 10.1 Economic-Based Performance Objective Functions 442 10.2 Batch and Semibatch Reactors 448 10.3 Flow Reactors 450 10.4 Summary 453 Problems 453 Bibliography 454 Appendix A Summary of Key Relationships 455 Appendix B Microscopic Species Balances—Species Continuity Equations 465 Appendix C Summary of Numerical Differentiation and Integration 469 Index 471
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【簡介】 【目錄】 Chapter 1 Models for Integrated-Circuit Active Devices Chapter 2 Bipolar, MOS, and BiCMOS Integrated-Circuit Technology Chapter 3 Single-Transistor and Multiple-Transistor Amplifiers Chapter 4 Current Mirrors, Active Loads, and References Chapter 5 Output Stages Chapter 6 Operational Amplifiers with Single-Ended Outputs Chapter 7 Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits Chapter 8 Feedback Chapter 9 Frequency Response and Stability of Feedback Amplifiers Chapter 10 Nonlinear Analog Circuits Chapter 11 Noise in Integrated Circuits Chapter 12 Fully Differential Operational Amplifiers
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【簡介】 PHILOSOPHY AND GOALS Microelectronics: Circuit Analysis and Design is intended as a core text in electronics for undergraduate electrical and computer engineering students. The purpose of the fourth edition of the book is to continue to provide a foundation for analyzing and designing both analog and digital electronic circuits. A goal is to make this book very readable and student-friendly. Most electronic circuit design today involves integrated circuits (ICs), in which the entire circuit is fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material. The IC can contain millions of semiconductor devices and other elements and can perform complex functions. The microprocessor is a classic example of such a circuit. The ultimate goal of this text is to clearly present the operation, characteristics, and limitations of the basic circuits that form these complex integrated circuits. Although most engineers will use existing ICs in specialized design applications, they must be aware of the fundamental circuit's characteristics in order to understand the operation and limitations of the IC. Initially, discrete transistor circuits are analyzed and designed. The complexity of circuits being studied increases throughout the text so that, eventually, the reader should be able to analyze and design the basic elements of integrated circuits, such as linear amplifiers and digital logic gates. This text is an introduction to the complex subject of electronic circuits. Therefore, more advanced material is not included. Specific technologies, such as gallium arsenide, which is used in special applications, are also not included, although reference may be made to a few specialized applications. Finally, the layout and fabrication of ICs are not covered, since these topics alone can warrant entire texts. DESIGN EMPHASIS Design is the heart of engineering. Good design evolves out of considerable experience with analysis. In this text, we point out various characteristics and properties of circuits as we go through the analysis. The objective is to develop an intuition that can be applied to the design process. Many design examples, design exercise problems, and end-of-chapter design problems are included in this text. The end-of-chapter design problems are designated with a 'D'. Many of these examples and problems have a set of specifications that lead to a unique solution. Although engineering design in its truest sense does not lead to a unique solution, these initial design examples and problems are a first step, the author believes, in learning the design process. A separate section, Design Problems, found in the end-of-chapter problems, contains open-ended design problems. 【目錄】 PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONICS PART 1 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND BASIC APPLICATIONS Chapter 1 Semiconductor Materials and Diodes Chapter 2 Diode Circuits Chapter 3 The Field-Effect Transistor Chapter 4 Basic FET Amplifiers Chapter 5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor Chapter 6 Basic BJT Amplifiers Chapter 7 Frequency Response Chapter 8 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers PROLOGUE II PROLOGUE TO ELECTRONIC DESIGN PART 2 ANALOG ELECTRONICS Chapter 9 Ideal Operational Amplifiers and Op-Amp Circuits Chapter 10 Integrated Circuit Biasing and Active Loads Chapter 11 Differential and Multistage Amplifiers Chapter 12 Feedback and Stability Chapter 13 Operational Amplifier Circuits Chapter 14 Nonideal Effects in Operational Amplifier Circuits Chapter 15 Applications and Design of Integrated Circuits PROLOGUE III PROLOGUE TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS PART 3 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS Chapter 16 MOSFET Digital Circuits Chapter 17 Bipolar Digital Circuits