【簡介】 Focusing on the physical layer, Networking Fundamentals provides essential information on networking technologies that are used in both wired and wireless networks designed for local area networks (LANs) and wide-area networks (WANs). The book starts with an overview of telecommunications followed by four parts, each including several chapters. Part I explains the principles of design and analysis of information networks at the lowest layers. It concentrates on the characteristics of the transmission media, applied transmission and coding, and medium access control. Parts II and III are devoted to detailed descriptions of important WANs and LANs respectively with Part II describing the wired Ethernet and Internet as well as cellular networks while Part III covers popular wired LANs and wireless LANs (WLANs), as well as wireless personal area network (WPAN) technologies. Part IV concludes by examining security, localization and sensor networking. The partitioned structure of the book allows flexibility in teaching the material, encouraging the reader to grasp the more simple concepts and to build on these foundations when moving onto more complex information. Networking Fundamentals contains numerous illustrations, case studies and tables to supplement the text, as well as exercises with solutions at the end of each chapter. There is also a companion website with password protected solutions manual for instructors along with other useful resources. Provides a unique holistic approach covering wireless communication technologies, wired technologies and networking One of the first textbooks to integrate all aspects of information networks while placing an emphasis on the physical layer and systems engineering aspects Contains numerous illustrations, case studies and tables to supplement the text, as well as exercises with solutions at the end of each chapter Companion website with password protected solutions manual and other useful resources 【目錄】 About the Authors xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction to Information Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Elements of Information Networks 3 1.1.2 Chronology of Information Networks 5 1.1.3 Standards Organizations for Information Networking 7 1.1.4 Evolution of Long-Haul Multiplexing Standards 10 1.2 Evolution of Wide-Area Networks 13 1.2.1 Evolution of the Public Switched Telephone Network 14 1.2.2 Emergence of the Internet 15 1.2.3 HFC Infrastructure for Cable TV 17 1.2.4 Evolution of Cellular Telephone Networks 17 1.3 Evolution of Local Networks 18 1.3.1 Evolution of Local Access to Public Switched Telephone Network 19 1.3.2 Evolution of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 21 1.3.3 Evolution of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local-Area Network 22 1.3.4 Internet Access to Home and IEEE 802.16 24 1.3.5 Evolution of IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Networks 28 1.4 Structure of the Book 30 Questions 31 Project 1 32 Part One: Fundamentals of Transmission and Access 33 2 Characteristics of the Medium 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Guided Media 36 2.2.1 Twisted Pair 38 2.2.2 Coaxial Cables 42 2.2.3 Optical Fiber 45 2.3 Wireless Media 48 2.3.1 Radio Propagation Mechanisms 49 2.3.2 Path-Loss Modeling and Signal Coverage 50 2.3.3 Path-Loss Models for Indoor Areas 56 2.3.4 Path-Loss Models for Outdoor Areas 60 2.3.5 Effects of Multipath and Doppler 62 2.3.6 Emerging Channel Models 68 Questions 72 Problems 73 Project 1: Simulation of Multipath Fading 77 Project 2: The RSS in IEEE 802.11 78 Project 3: Coverage and Data Rate Performance of the IEEE 802.11B/G WLANs 79 3 Fundamentals of Physical Layer Transmission 83 3.1 Information Transmission 83 3.1.1 Wired and Wireless Transmission 84 3.1.2 Baseband Transmission 87 3.2 Transmission Techniques and Signal Constellation 89 3.2.1 Multisymbol Digital Communications 90 3.2.2 Signal Constellation in Digital Communications 91 3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Signal Constellations 94 3.2.4 Channel Capacity 100 3.3 Performance of the Physical Layer 102 3.3.1 Effects of Fading on Performance over Wireless Channels 105 3.3.2 Diversity Techniques 107 3.4 Wideband Modems 109 3.4.1 Spread-Spectrum Transmissions 110 3.4.2 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 115 3.4.3 Space–Time Coding 117 3.4.4 Capacity Multiple-Input–Multiple-Output Antenna Systems 118 Questions 119 Problems 120 Projects 123 4 Coding and Reliable Packet Transmission 125 4.1 Introduction 125 4.2 Source Coding and Framing Techniques 127 4.2.1 Information Source and Coding 127 4.2.2 Framing Techniques 130 4.3 FEC Coding 132 4.3.1 Fundamentals of Coding 132 4.3.2 Block Codes 136 4.3.3 Convolutional Codes 141 4.3.4 Codes for Manipulating Data 145 4.4 Coding for Spread-Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access Systems 147 4.4.1 Pseudo Noise Codes 148 4.4.2 M-ary Orthogonal Codes 149 4.5 ARQ Schemes 151 4.5.1 Stop and Wait 151 4.5.2 Go-Back-N 153 4.5.3 Selective-Repeat Automatic Repeat Request 153 4.5.4 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 154 4.6 Flow Control Protocols 155 4.6.1 Stop and Wait 156 4.6.2 Sliding Window 158 Questions 159 Problems 159 5 Medium Access Methods 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Centralized Assigned Access Schemes 167 5.2.1 Frequency-Division Multiple Access 168 5.2.2 Time-Division Multiple Access 171 5.2.3 Code-Division Multiple Access 174 5.2.4 Comparison of Code-, Time-, and Frequency-Division Multiple Access 177 5.2.5 Performance of Assigned Access Methods 180 5.3 Distributed Random Access Schemes 184 5.3.1 Random Access Methods for Data Services 184 5.3.2 Access Methods for Local-Area Networks 191 5.3.3 Performance of Random Access Methods 196 5.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic 205 5.4.1 Access Methods for Integrated Services 205 5.4.2 Data Integration in Voice-Oriented Networks 205 5.4.3 Voice Integration into Data-Oriented Networks 211 Questions 217 Problems 218 Projects 222 Part Two: Wide-Area Networks 225 6 The Internet 227 6.1 Introduction: Internet Infrastructure 227 6.1.1 Fundamentals of Packet Forwarding 229 6.2 Addressing 230 6.2.1 ISDN Addressing in Connection-Based PSTN 231 6.2.2 MAC Addressing in Connectionless Local-Area Networks 233 6.2.3 IP Addressing in the Connectionless Internet 235 6.3 Quality of Service 239 6.3.1 Quality of Service in Connection-Based Networks 240 6.3.2 Quality of Service in Connectionless Networks 241 6.4 Bridges 242 6.4.1 Standardization and Bridges 244 6.4.2 IEEE 802.1D Transparent Bridges 244 6.4.3 The Spanning-Tree Algorithm 246 6.4.4 IEEE 802.5 Source Routing Bridging 250 6.4.5 IEEE 802.1Q Virtual Local-Area Network 250 6.5 Switches 251 6.5.1 Circuit Switching in Public Switched Telephone Network 252 6.5.2 Integrated Service Data Network Switching 252 6.5.3 Packet Switching over Public Switched Telephone Network 253 6.5.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 254 6.6 Routers 260 6.6.1 Types of Router 262 6.6.2 Network Protocols for Routers 264 6.6.3 Routing Algorithms 269 6.6.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching 275 Questions 277 Problems 278 Project 1: Client-Server Programming 280 7 Cellular Networks 281 7.1 Introduction 282 7.1.1 The Cellular Concept 282 7.1.2 Cellular Hierarchy 285 7.2 General Architecture of a Cellular Network 286 7.2.1 Mobile Stations 288 7.2.2 The Base Station Subsystem 288 7.2.3 The Network and Switching Subsystem 289 7.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment 290 7.3.1 Registration 290 7.3.2 Call Establishment 291 7.3.3 Handoff 293 7.3.4 Security 295 7.4 Protocol Stack in Cellular Networks 297 7.4.1 Layer 1: Physical Layer 298 7.4.2 Layer 2: Data Link Layer 299 7.4.3 Layer 3: Networking Layer 300 7.5 Physical Layer in TDMA Air Interface 302 7.5.1 Modulation Technique 302 7.5.2 Power and Power Control 304 7.5.3 Physical Packet Bursts 304 7.6 Physical Layer in CDMA Air Interface 310 7.6.1 CDMA Forward Channels 310 7.6.2 CDMA Reverse Channels 315 7.6.3 Packet and Frame Formats in a Typical CDMA Network 317 7.6.4 Other Variations in CDMA Air Interface 319 7.7 Achieving Higher Data Rates in Cellular Networks 320 7.7.1 Changes in Reference Architecture to Connect to Internet 321 7.7.2 How to Achieve High Data Rates 322 7.8 Deployment of Cellular Networks 325 7.8.1 Cell Fundamentals and Frequency Reuse 325 7.8.2 Capacity Expansion Techniques for Frequency-/Time-Division Multiple Access Systems 330 7.8.3 Network Planning for Code-Division Multiple Access Systems 335 Questions 337 Problems 338 Part Three: Local and Personal-Area Networks 343 8 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 345 8.1 Introduction 345 8.2 Legacy Ethernet 349 8.2.1 The Packet Format and the Physical Layer 351 8.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection for the Medium Access Control Layer 352 8.2.3 Medium Access Control Performance 355 8.2.4 Alternatives to Legacy Ethernet 358 8.2.5 Early Enhancements to Legacy Ethernet 359 8.3 Evolution of the Physical Layer 361 8.3.1 Fast Ethernet at 100 Mb/s 361 8.3.2 Alternative for Fast Ethernet 368 8.3.3 Gigabit Ethernet 370 8.3.4 10 Gb/s Ethernet and Beyond 374 8.4 Emergence of Additional Features for Ethernet 379 8.4.1 Frame Format for the Virtual Local-Area Network 379 8.4.2 Full-Duplex Operation 381 8.4.3 PAUSE Frames 382 8.4.4 Link Aggregation 384 Questions 385 Problems 386 9 IEEE Wireless Local-Area Network Standards 389 9.1 Introduction 389 9.1.1 Early Experiences 390 9.1.2 Emergence of Unlicensed Bands 391 9.1.3 Products, Bands, and Standards 392 9.1.4 Shift in Marketing Strategy 393 9.2 IEEE 802.11 and WLANs 395 9.2.1 Overview of IEEE 802.11 396 9.2.2 IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local-Area Network Operations 398 9.2.3 The IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Layer 402 9.2.4 The Physical Layer 410 9.2.5 Deployment of Wireless Local-Area Networks 419 9.2.6 Security Issues and Implementation in IEEE 802.11 425 9.2.7 Wireless Local-Area Network Standards and 802.11 Standards Activities 428 9.3 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) 430 9.3.1 General Architecture 432 9.3.2 Physical Layer 433 9.3.3 Medium Access Control Layer of WiMAX 434 Questions 435 Problems 436 Projects 441 10 IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network 443 10.1 Introduction 443 10.1.1 IEEE 802.15 Wireless Personal-Area Network Standardization Series 444 10.2 IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth 445 10.2.1 Overall Architecture 447 10.2.2 Protocol Stack 448 10.2.3 Physical Connection 450 10.2.4 Medium Access Control Mechanism 452 10.2.5 Frame Formats 452 10.2.6 Connection Management 458 10.2.7 Security 460 10.3 Interference between Bluetooth and 802.11 460 10.3.1 Interference Range 461 10.3.2 Probability of Interference 465 10.3.3 Empirical Results 468 10.4 IEEE 802.15.3A Ultra Wideband Wireless Personal-Area Networks 470 10.4.1 Direct Sequence Ultra Wideband 470 10.4.2 Multiband Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 474 10.5 IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee 477 10.5.1 Overall Architecture 478 10.5.2 Protocol Stack 479 10.5.3 Medium Access Control Layer 480 10.5.4 Physical Layer 481 10.5.5 Frame Format 483 10.5.6 Comparison of ZigBee with Bluetooth and WiFi 484 Questions 485 Problems 486 Part Four: System Aspects 489 11 Network Security 491 11.1 Introduction 491 11.2 Network Attacks and Security Issues 492 11.2.1 Network Communications 492 11.2.2 Why Security Attacks are Possible 494 11.2.3 Some Example Security Attacks 498 11.2.4 Defining Security Attacks, Services, and Architecture 504 11.3 Protection and Prevention 505 11.3.1 Firewalls and Perimeter Security 505 11.3.2 Cryptography and Cryptographic Protocols 508 11.3.3 Preventing Successful Phishing Attacks 523 11.4 Detection 523 11.5 Assessment and Response 524 Questions 526 Problems 526 Projects 528 12 Wireless Localization 529 12.1 Introduction 529 12.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 530 12.2.1 Wireless Emergency Services 532 12.2.2 Performance Measures for Geolocation Systems 533 12.3 Radio-Frequency Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies 534 12.3.1 Generic Architecture 534 12.3.2 Positioning Algorithms 536 12.3.3 Positioning Standards for Cellular Telephone Systems 544 12.4 LCS Architecture for Cellular Systems 546 12.4.1 Cellular Network Architecture 548 12.4.2 Location Services Architecture 549 12.4.3 Over the Air (Access Network) Communications for Location Services 551 12.4.4 Signaling in the Fixed Infrastructure (Core Network) for Location Services 552 12.4.5 The Mobile Location Protocol 553 12.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 554 Questions 555 Problems 556 Projects 556 13 Wireless Sensor Networks 559 13.1 Introduction 559 13.2 Sensor Network Applications 560 13.2.1 Habitat Monitoring 560 13.2.2 Structural Health Monitoring 561 13.2.3 Miscellaneous Applications 561 13.3 Sensor Network Architecture and Sensor Devices 561 13.3.1 Sensor Network Architecture 562 13.3.2 Overview of Sensor Devices 564 13.3.3 Commercial Sensors 566 13.3.4 Future Directions 568 13.4 The Physical Layer in Sensor Networks 570 13.4.1 Spectrum 570 13.4.2 Path Loss 571 13.4.3 Gray Zone 572 13.4.4 Modulation Schemes 573 13.5 The MAC Layer in Sensor Networks 574 13.5.1 Issues in Medium Access for Sensor Networks 575 13.5.2 IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control 577 13.5.3 Low-Duty-Cycle Medium Access Controls 578 13.5.4 Low-Latency Medium Access Controls 579 13.6 Higher Layer Issues in Sensor Networks 580 13.6.1 Establishing the Sensor Network 581 13.6.2 Routing 583 13.6.3 Coverage, Connectivity, and Topology Control 585 13.6.4 Synchronization 587 13.6.5 Security 588 Questions 591 References 593 Appendix A: What is Decibel? 605 Appendix B: STC for Two Transmitters and One Receiver 607 Appendix C: Source Coding 611 C.1 Source Coding for Voice 611 C.2 Source Coding for Images and Video 613 Appendix D: Acronyms 615 Appendix E: List of Variables 627 Index 633