ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY AND ITS BREAKING

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Fundamental interactions are mediated by bosonic fields, quanta of which are realized as particles. The properties of these fields typically obey certain symmetry rules. In this book we discuss the symmetry between two types of interactions — electromagnetic, which are familiar to anyone who turned on the electric lights, and weak, which govern the nuclear reactions that fuel the Sun. While there is a symmetry between these two types of interactions, it is broken. The unified theory of electroweak interactions was developed over 50 years ago. The Higgs scalar field named after one of the theorists that proposed it, is believed to be responsible for the breaking of the electroweak symmetry. Yet, it is only now after the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 by the LHC experiments, that we can study the mechanism of the electroweak symmetry breaking. This book discusses the theoretical developments that led to the construction of this theory, the discovery and the experimental observations that need to come to fully establish the validity of the model. Sample Chapter(s) Preface Chapter 1: Introduction Contents: Introduction Electroweak Interactions Electroweak Symmetry Breaking Higgs Boson Production and Decay Higgs Boson Discovery Higgs Boson Properties Couplings Future Measurements Scalar Fields Beyond the Standard Model Putting Things in Perspective Relevant Reviews Readership: Graduate students and researchers in particle physics.

Lectures on Symmetry-Assisted Computation

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【簡介】 Scientific problems have an internal "beauty", called, referred to, precisely speaking, as their "symmetry". The symmetry arises, often, from the fact that the scientific problem refers to an object (a molecule, a crystal) and the object itself has some "symmetry" elements, but in more abstract situations, such as those arising in particle physics and quantum technologies, symmetry is often the only known (and relevant!) fact about the problem. The scope of these Lecture Notes is to educate how to recognize the symmetry of a scientific problem and how to use symmetry to understand, manipulate and, finally, solve it. The principle guiding these Lecture Notes is that "learning by doing" is the only way that young students can later become productive in science, business and industry. The lecture Notes have, essentially, two components. The first one reports the content of a set of lectures, held at ETH Zurich at the master and PhD level, frequented mainly by students from the department of Physics, Chemistry and Material Science. The lectures were accompanied by a set of student projects on various scientific subjects related to symmetry. These projects ended with a manuscript, worked out by the students themselves and edited into the second component of these Lecture Notes. 【目錄】 Lectures: Geometrical, Algebraic, and Analytic Aspects of Symmetry Representation Theory of Groups with Average SO3 and the General Method of Infinitesimal Transformations The Symmetry Group of the Operator and Some Practical Applications Point Groups and Space Groups of Crystallography Applications to Solid-State Physics The Relativistic Electronic Structure of Atoms and Solids Young Diagrams and Particle Physics The Permutation Group and Its Applications to Many-Body Problems Group Theory and Phase Transitions Exercises: Exercises to Lecture 1 Exercises to Lecture 2 Exercises to Lecture 3 Exercises to Lecture 4 Exercises to Lecture 5 Projects: Project for Lecture 2: Functional Analytic and Numerical Aspects of Eigenvalue Problems Project for Lecture 4: Symmetry Arguments in Classical Mechanics Project for Lecture 4: Crystal Field Splitting and the Jahn–Teller Effect Project for Lecture 4: Vibrational Modes of the NH3 Molecule Project for Lecture 5: Frieze Patterns Project for Lecture 5: An Algebraic Proof of the Hessel Theorem Project for Lecture 6: Empty-Lattice Band Structure Project for Lecture 6: Symmetry Analysis of Graphene Band Structure and Dirac Cones Project for Lecture 6: Topological Protection by Non-symmorphic Degeneracy Project for Lecture 7: Topological Aspects of Continuous Groups and the Universal Covering Groups Project for Lecture 7: Optical Spin Orientation in Atoms and Solids Project for Lecture 9: Quantum Chemistry