Quality Infrastructure Of Graphene And Related Two-dimensional Materials: Metrology

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【簡介】 Materials metrology, a burgeoning branch of the field, is a subject of intense scrutiny by both researchers and stakeholders. The focal points of their attention are twofold: understanding the objectives of material metrology research and determining effective methods for utilizing its findings. Researchers and stakeholders delve into the intricacies of ensuring traceability of complex units from equipment and maintaining consistency in measurement results across various methods. The application of materials metrology extends to calibrating equipment and/or measurement methods, as well as utilizing critical data for production assessments. Graphene's emergence sparked widespread interest across various fields. The rapid progress of graphene and related two-dimensional materials in both research and industrial applications necessitates robust support from metrology, standards, and conformity assessment, collectively known as national quality infrastructures (NQI). This book, using graphene and related two-dimensional materials as exemplars, explores fundamental concepts and terminologies of metrology and materials metrology, elucidates the technological framework of metrology and standards, and elaborates on various metrological techniques for the structural characterization of graphene and related materials, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and electron microscopy. Additionally, the book presents techniques for quality evaluation, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. By leveraging established standard measurement instruments, reference materials, measurement methods, and interlaboratory comparisons, this book endeavors to attain accurate and consistent measurement results. Globally equivalent results can guarantee the quality of graphene products, fostering standardization, mass production, and sustainable advancement within the graphene industry 【目錄】

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Related Techniques

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【簡介】 This book begins by introducing the basic concepts of impedance to non-specialist readers, who may have only an elementary knowledge of physics and mathematics. Mathematical concepts are explained clearly at appropriate points in a series of Theory Notes. Subsequent chapters cover RCL (resistor, capacitor, inductor) circuits before developing the key ideas behind the application of impedance spectroscopy to electrochemical systems. Circuit elements used to model electron transfer, double-layer charging and diffusion are described in detail, along with Kramers–Kronig testing of experimental data. The book explains how potentiostats and frequency-response analyzers work and evaluates a wealth of experimental data obtained either during the annual Bath impedance courses or in the laboratories of the author and his colleagues. Topics covered include not only conventional electrochemical systems, such as the rotating disc electrode and ultramicroelectrodes, but also unconventional solar cells and the application of frequency-resolved techniques in spectroelectrochemistry. Finally, the last two chapters introduce techniques based on modulation of light intensity rather than voltage or current. The book concludes with worked answers to the problems set out in earlier chapters. 【目錄】 Getting Started Frequency-Response Analysis Putting the E in EIS: Frequency-Response Analysis of Electrochemical Systems Kramers–Kronig Testing of Impedance Data and Inductive Loops The Potentiostat and the Frequency-Response Analyzer: How Do They Work? Examples of Finite Diffusion Impedance: The Rotating Disc Electrode and the Ultramicroelectrode Photoelectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Metal Halide Perovskite Cells Electrochromic Systems: Potential-Modulated Absorbance Spectroscopy of Polyaniline, and Light-Modulated Absorbance of Haematite Intensity-Modulated Techniques: Application of IMPS and IMVS to Characterize Unconventional Solar Cells Applications of IMPS and PEIS to Study Photoelectrode Kinetics

Metric Spaces and Related Analysis

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This book offers the comprehensive study of one of the foundational topics in Mathematics, known as Metric Spaces. The book delivers the concepts in an appropriate and concise manner, at the same time rich in illustrations and exercise problems. Special focus has been laid on important theorems like Baire\'s Category theorem, Heine–Borel theorem, Ascoli–Arzela Theorem, etc, which play a crucial role in the study of metric spaces. The additional chapter on Cofinal completeness, UC spaces and finite chainability makes the text unique of its kind. This helps the students in: taking the secondary step towards analysis on metric spaces, realizing the connection between the two most important classes of functions, continuous functions and uniformly continuous functions, understanding the gap between compact metric spaces and complete metric spaces. Readers will also find brief discussions on various subtleties of continuity like subcontinuity, upper semi-continuity, lower semi-continuity, etc. The interested readers will be motivated to explore the special classes of functions between metric spaces to further extent. Consequently, the book becomes a complete package: it makes the foundational pillars strong and develops the interest of students to pursue research in metric spaces. The book is useful for third and fourth year undergraduate students and it is also helpful for graduate students and researchers. Sample Chapter(s) Foreword Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Analysis Contents: Fundamentals of Analysis Continuity and Some Stronger Notions Complete Metric Spaces Compactness Weaker Notions of Compactness Real-Valued Functions on Metric Spaces Connectedness Readership: Undergraduate and graduate students, researchers in the areas of real analysis, analysis on metric spaces, real functions, topology, functional analysis.

Cofinally Complete Metric Spaces and Related Functions

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The monograph targets a huge variety of characterizations of cofinally complete metric spaces. These spaces are studied in terms of several properties of some classes of functions between metric spaces that are stronger than the continuous functions such as Cauchy-regular, uniformly continuous, strongly uniformly continuous, and various Lipschitz-type functions. There is one chapter that is dedicated to studying cofinally complete metric spaces in terms of hyperspace and function space topologies. Along with that, various characterizations are studied in terms of geometric functionals, sequences, Cantor-type conditions, etc. The study of such spaces is interesting as well as it has nice connections with various other branches of mathematics such as convex analysis, optimization theory, fixed point theory, functional analysis and approximation theory. But until now, there has been no textbook or research monograph which presents the entire theory of these spaces in a comprehensive way. The study of the aforesaid spaces and their variants is still a vibrant area of research, and many prominent researchers are working in this area. The book is targeted at researchers as well as graduate students interested in real functions, analysis on metric spaces, topology, and the aforementioned. Since the monograph often discusses various properties of Lipschitz-type functions, it would be of interest to people interested in PDEs as well. Sample Chapter(s) Foreword Introduction Chapter 1: Preliminaries Contents: Preliminaries Cofinally Complete Metric Spaces Cofinal Completions Cofinal Completeness vis-à-vis Hyperspaces Stronger Cofinal Completeness Readership: Graduate students and researchers in real analysis.