Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications (3版)

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The latest edition of a classic textbook in electrochemistry The third edition of Electrochemical Methods has been extensively revised to reflect the evolution of electrochemistry over the past two decades, highlighting significant developments in the understanding of electrochemical phenomena and emerging experimental tools, while extending the book's value as a general introduction to electrochemical methods. This authoritative resource for new students and practitioners provides must-have information crucial to a successful career in research. The authors focus on methods that are extensively practiced and on phenomenological questions of current concern. This latest edition of Electrochemical Methods contains numerous problems and chemical examples, with illustrations that serve to illuminate the concepts contained within in a way that will assist both student and mid-career practitioner. Significant updates and new content in this third edition include: An extensively revised introductory chapter on electrode processes, designed for new readers coming into electrochemistry from diverse backgrounds New chapters on steady-state voltammetry at ultramicroelectrodes, inner-sphere electrode reactions and electrocatalysis, and single-particle electrochemistry Extensive treatment of Marcus kinetics as applied to electrode reactions, a more detailed introduction to migration, and expanded coverage of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy The inclusion of Lab Notes in many chapters to help newcomers with the transition from concept to practice in the laboratory The new edition has been revised to address a broader audience of scientists and engineers, designed to be accessible to readers with a basic foundation in university chemistry, physics and mathematics. It is a self-contained volume, developing all key ideas from the fundamental principles of chemistry and physics. Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in electrochemistry, physical and analytical chemistry, this is also an indispensable resource for researchers and practitioners working in fields including electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering, energy storage and conversion, analytical chemistry and sensors.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Related Techniques

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【簡介】 This book begins by introducing the basic concepts of impedance to non-specialist readers, who may have only an elementary knowledge of physics and mathematics. Mathematical concepts are explained clearly at appropriate points in a series of Theory Notes. Subsequent chapters cover RCL (resistor, capacitor, inductor) circuits before developing the key ideas behind the application of impedance spectroscopy to electrochemical systems. Circuit elements used to model electron transfer, double-layer charging and diffusion are described in detail, along with Kramers–Kronig testing of experimental data. The book explains how potentiostats and frequency-response analyzers work and evaluates a wealth of experimental data obtained either during the annual Bath impedance courses or in the laboratories of the author and his colleagues. Topics covered include not only conventional electrochemical systems, such as the rotating disc electrode and ultramicroelectrodes, but also unconventional solar cells and the application of frequency-resolved techniques in spectroelectrochemistry. Finally, the last two chapters introduce techniques based on modulation of light intensity rather than voltage or current. The book concludes with worked answers to the problems set out in earlier chapters. 【目錄】 Getting Started Frequency-Response Analysis Putting the E in EIS: Frequency-Response Analysis of Electrochemical Systems Kramers–Kronig Testing of Impedance Data and Inductive Loops The Potentiostat and the Frequency-Response Analyzer: How Do They Work? Examples of Finite Diffusion Impedance: The Rotating Disc Electrode and the Ultramicroelectrode Photoelectrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Metal Halide Perovskite Cells Electrochromic Systems: Potential-Modulated Absorbance Spectroscopy of Polyaniline, and Light-Modulated Absorbance of Haematite Intensity-Modulated Techniques: Application of IMPS and IMVS to Characterize Unconventional Solar Cells Applications of IMPS and PEIS to Study Photoelectrode Kinetics

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND ST

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【簡介】 This pioneering textbook on the topic provides a clear and well-structured description of the fundamental chemistry involved in these systems, as well as an excellent overview of the real-life practical applications. Prof. Holze is a well-known researcher and an experienced author who guides the reader with his didactic style, and readers can test their understanding with questions and answers throughout the text. Written mainly for advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, this text is equally a valuable resource for scientists and engineers working in the field, both in academia and industry. 【目錄】 Foreword xi Preface xiii 1 Processes and Applications of Energy Conversion and Storage 1 2 Electrochemical Processes and Systems 21 2.1 Parasitic Reactions 30 2.2 Self-discharge 30 2.3 Device Deterioration 32 2.3.1 Aging 37 3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 39 4 Kinetics of Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes 55 4.1 Steps of Electrode Reactions and Overpotentials 56 4.2 Transport 56 4.3 Charge Transfer 59 4.4 Overpotentials 59 4.5 Diffusion 62 4.6 Further Overpotentials 63 5 Electrodes and Electrolytes 71 5.1 Recycling 84 6 Experimental Methods 87 6.1 Battery Tester 87 6.2 Current–Potential Measurements 88 6.3 Charge/Discharge Measurements 92 6.4 Battery Charging 100 6.5 Linear Scan and Cyclic Voltammetry 107 6.6 Impedance Measurements 111 6.7 Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) 117 6.8 Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT) 119 6.9 Step Potential Electrochemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) 120 6.10 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) 121 6.11 Non-electrochemical Methods 121 6.11.1 Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 121 6.11.2 Gas Adsorption Measurements 121 6.11.3 Microscopies 122 6.11.4 Thermal Measurements 122 6.11.5 Modeling 123 7 Primary Systems 127 7.1 Aqueous Systems 129 7.1.1 Zinc–Carbon Battery 129 7.1.2 Alkaline Zn//MnO2 Battery 131 7.1.3 Zn//HgO Battery 134 7.1.4 Zn//AgO Battery 136 7.1.5 Cd//AgO Batteries 138 7.1.6 Mg//MnO2 Batteries 140 7.2 Nonaqueous Systems 141 7.2.1 Primary Lithium Batteries 141 7.2.2 Li//MnO2 144 7.2.3 Li//Bi2O3 145 7.2.4 Li//CuO 146 7.2.5 Li//V2O5, Li//Ag2V4O11, and Li//CSVO 147 7.2.6 Li//CuS 148 7.2.7 Li//FeS2 149 7.2.8 Li//CFx Primary Battery 150 7.2.9 Li//I2 151 7.2.10 Li//SO2 151 7.2.11 Li//SOCl2 153 7.2.12 Li//SO2Cl2 156 7.2.13 Li//Oxyhalide Primary Battery 156 7.3 Metal–Air Systems 157 7.3.1 Aqueous Metal–Air Primary Batteries 157 7.3.2 Nonaqueous Metal–Air Batteries 168 7.4 Reserve Batteries 170 7.4.1 Seawater-activated Batteries 171 7.4.2 High Power Activated Batteries 173 8 Secondary Systems 175 8.1 Aqueous Systems 176 8.1.1 Lead–Acid 176 8.1.2 Lead Grid 181 8.1.3 Ni-based Secondary Batteries 189 8.1.4 Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 202 8.1.5 Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium Batteries 206 8.2 Nonaqueous Systems 208 8.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 208 8.2.2 Rechargeable Li//S Batteries 230 8.2.3 Rechargeable Na//S Batteries 233 8.2.4 Rechargeable Li//Se Batteries 234 8.2.5 Rechargeable Mg Batteries 235 8.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 235 8.3.1 Gel Lithium-Ion Batteries 236 8.3.2 Gel-Type Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries 238 8.4 Solid Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 238 8.4.1 Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries 239 8.4.2 Rechargeable Solid Lithium Batteries 240 8.5 Rechargeable Metal–Air Batteries 240 8.5.1 Rechargeable Li//Air Batteries 242 8.5.2 Rechargeable Na//Air Batteries 243 8.5.3 Rechargeable Zn//Air Batteries 245 8.6 High-Temperature Systems 246 8.6.1 Sodium–Sulfur Battery 247 8.6.2 Sodium–Nickel Chloride Battery 250 8.6.3 All Liquid Metal Accumalator 254 9 Fuel Cells 257 9.1 The Oxygen Electrode 261 9.2 The Hydrogen Electrode 267 9.3 Common Features of Fuel Cells 268 9.4 Classification of Fuel Cells 272 9.4.1 Ambient Temperature Fuel Cells 272 9.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 273 9.4.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 274 9.4.4 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 281 9.4.5 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 283 9.4.6 Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells 284 9.4.7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 284 9.4.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 285 9.4.9 High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 286 9.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 288 9.6 Fuel Cells in Energy Storage Systems 289 10 Flow Batteries 293 10.1 The Iron/Chromium System 298 10.2 The Iron/Vanadium System 299 10.3 The Iron/Cadmium System 299 10.4 The Bromine/Polysulfide System 300 10.5 The All-Vanadium System 300 10.6 The Vanadium/Bromine System 302 10.7 Actinide RFBs 302 10.8 All-Organic RFBs 303 10.9 Nonaqueous RFBs 303 10.10 Hybrid Systems 303 10.11 The Zinc/Cerium System 304 10.12 The Zinc/Bromine System 304 10.13 The Zinc/Organic System 305 10.14 The Cadmium/Organic System 305 10.15 The Lead/Lead Dioxide System 306 10.16 The Cadmium/Lead Dioxide System 307 10.17 The All-Copper System 307 10.18 The Zinc/Nickel System 307 10.19 The Lithium/LiFePO4 System 308 10.20 Vanadium Solid-Salt Battery 308 10.21 Vanadium-Dioxygen System 308 10.22 Electrochemical Flow Capacitor 310 10.23 Current State and Perspectives 310 11 Supercapacitors 313 11.1 Classification of Supercapacitors 314 11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors 316 11.2.1 Electrolytes for EDLCs 317 11.2.2 Electrode Materials for EDLCs 318 11.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of EDLCs 325 11.3 Pseudocapacitors 326 11.3.1 RuO2 327 11.3.2 MnO2 330 11.3.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3.4 Redox Couples 343 11.3.5 Electrochemical Performance of Pseudocapacitors 346 11.4 Hybrid Capacitors 351 11.4.1 Negative Electrode Materials 351 11.4.2 Positive Electrode Materials 359 11.4.3 Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Capacitors 370 11.5 Testing of Supercapacitors 376 11.6 Commercially Available Supercapacitors 377 11.7 Application of Supercapacitors 378 11.7.1 Uninterruptible Power Sources 379 11.7.2 Transportation 379 11.7.3 Smart Grids 380 11.7.4 Military Equipment 380 11.7.5 Other Civilian Applications 381 Appendix 383 Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions 387 Further Reading 401 Index 407