Nutraceuticals and Human Blood Platelet Function

A comprehensive review of the impact of dietary nutraceuticals on platelet function and its relationship to cardiovascular disease  Nutraceuticals and Human Blood Platelet Function offers a summary of the most current evidence on the effects of anti-platelet factors isolated mainly from food and natural sources, their structure function relationship, bioavailability, mechanisms of actions, and also information on human trials data.  The author—a noted expert in the field— explores platelet function and their roles in development of CVD, functional foods and bioactive compounds in CVD risk factors. The author highlights platelets, their mechanisms of actions, data from epidemiological studies, structure-function relationship clinical trial data, ex vivo and in vitro data. This important resource will focus primarily on human studies and emphasize functional and physiological implications of the nutritional impact on platelet function and CVD that could be an important approach to highlight the concept of preventive CVD nutrition. An authoritative text, Nutraceuticals and Human Blood Platelet Function: Offers a unique resource that connects nutrition with platelet function and its impact on cardiovascular disease Contains an evidenced-based approach, including data from human and animal clinical studies Reveals the impact of bioactive compounds and their effect on platelets Presents a text that is authored by an expert with vast experience in the field of nutrition and platelet function Written for professionals, academics, researchers, and students associated in the area of nutrition, Nutraceuticals and Human Blood Platelet Function offers a review of the most current research on the effects of platelet function and their roles in development of CVD, functional foods and bioactive compounds in CVD risk factors.

1 Human Blood Platelets and Their Role in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease 1 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Human Blood Platelets: Structure and Function 4 1.3 Platelet Activation Pathways 10 1.4 Platelets and Vessel Wall Interactions 12 1.5 Roles of Platelets in Atherosclerosis and Inflammatory Processes 13 1.6 Platelets and Their Role in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease 17 1.7 Conclusions 22 References 22 2 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease 29 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Dietary Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease 32 2.3 Environmental Factors and Cardiovascular Disease 34 2.4 Genetic Basis of Cardiovascular Disease Incidence 35 2.5 Fruits and Vegetables Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction 37 2.6 Conclusions 40 References 40 3 n‐3 Fatty Acids and Human Platelets 47 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Epidemiology of n‐3 Fatty Acids Intake and Cardiovascular Disease 51 3.3 n‐3 Fatty Acids and Platelet Function 52 3.4 Platelet Function and Eicosanoids 56 3.5 Clinical Trials with n‐3 Fatty Acids 59 3.6 Dietary Recommendation and Sources of n‐3 Fatty Acids 61 3.7 Conclusions 62 References 62 4 Effects of Garlic, Onion, Ginger, and Turmeric on Platelet Function 69 Abbreviations 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Effects of Garlic (Allium Sativum) on Platelet Function 71 4.3 Effects of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) on Platelet Function 74 4.4 Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) on Platelet Function 75 4.5 Effects of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) on Platelets 76 4.6 Conclusions 78 References 79 5 Herbs and Platelet Function 83 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 In Vitro Platelet Aggregation Studies: Effects of Different Herb Extracts 87 5.2.1 Andrographis (Andrographis Paniculata) 89 5.2.2 Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) 90 5.2.3 Feverfew (Tanacetum Parthenium) 90 5.2.4 Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) 91 5.2.5 Hawthorn (Crataegus Oxyacantha) 92 5.2.6 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) 92 5.2.7 Motherwort (Leonurus Japonicus) 93 5.2.8 St John’s Wort (Hypericum Perforatum) 93 5.2.9 Willow Bark (Salix Alba) 94 5.3 Effects of Herbs on Signaling Molecules in Human Platelets 95 5.4 Conclusions 97 References 98 6 Tomato Extract and Human Platelet Functions 101 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Epidemiology of Tomato Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction 104 6.3 In Vitro Studies with Water‐Soluble Tomato Extract on Human Blood Platelet Aggregation 105 6.4 Fruitflow®: Compositional and Structural Aspects 111 6.5 Human Trials 112 6.6 Comparing the Dietary Anti‐Platelet Fruitflow® with the Anti‐Platelet Drug Aspirin 115 6.8 EFSA Approval of Fruitflow® 117 6.8 Conclusions 117 References 118 7 Dietary Nitrates and Their Anti‐Platelet Effects 125 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 125 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Nitrate and Cardiovascular Health 129 7.3 Effects of Nitrates on Human Blood Platelet Function In Vitro 131 7.4 Clinical Studies with Dietary Nitrate: Effects on Ex Vivo Platelet Function 133 7.5 Conclusions 134 References 135 8 Kiwifruit and Human Platelet Function 139 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 139 8.1 Introduction 139 8.2 Kiwifruit and Its Bioactive Phytochemicals 140 8.3 Kiwifruits and Human Blood Platelet Function 141 8.4 Human Trials Using Kiwifruit and Kiwifruit Extract 147 8.5 Conclusions 150 References 151 9 Polyphenols and Human Platelets 155 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 155 9.1 Introduction 155 9.2 Polyphenols: Structure and Activity 157 9.3 Sources of Polyphenols 159 9.4 Dietary Intakes and Bioavailability of Polyphenols 160 9.5 Roles of Polyphenols in Platelet Function 161 9.6 Conclusions 167 References 168 10 Effects of Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng, Green Tea, and Dark Chocolate on Human Blood Platelet Function 171 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 171 10.1 Introduction 171 10.2 Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Platelet Function 172 10.3 Clinical Trial with EGB761 175 10.4 Ginseng and Platelet Function 177 10.5 Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and its Effects on Platelet Function 181 10.6 Dark Chocolate and Platelet Function 183 10.7 Conclusions 185 References 187 11 Plant Alkaloids and Platelet Function 191 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 191 11.1 Introduction 191 11.2 Alkaloids as Anti‐Platelet Agents 193 11.3 Mechanism of Actions of Alkaloids 197 11.4 Conclusions 198 References 199 12 Strawberries and Human Platelet Function 203 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 203 12.1 Introduction 203 12.2 Polyphenols in Strawberries 204 12.3 Strawberry and its Cardio‐Protective Effects 206 12.4 Anti‐Platelet Factors in Strawberry 207 12.5 Discussion 209 References 211 13 Effects of Metal Ions on Platelet Function 215 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 215 13.1 Introduction 215 13.2 Zinc and Human Blood Platelet Function 216 13.3 Calcium and its Regulation of Platelet Function 218 13.4 Chromium and Platelet Function 221 13.5 Iron (Fe) and Platelet Function 221 13.6 Magnesium and Platelet Function 222 13.7 Platelet Function and Selenium 223 13.8 Conclusions 225 References 226 14 Individual Compounds with Anti‐Platelet Activity Isolated from Plant Sources 231 Abbreviations Used in This Chapter 231 14.1 Introduction 231 14.2 Effects of Taurine and Glycine on Human Platelets 233 14.3 Anthocyanins and Human Platelets 234 14.4 Coumarins and Their Anti‐Platelet Effects 235 14.5 Atractylenolides and Their Anti‐Platelet Effects 236 14.6 Flavonolignans and Blood Platelet Function 238 14.7 Protocatechuic Acid on Human Platelet Aggregation 238 14.8 KOK and Platelet Function 240 14.9 Inhibitors of Platelet Granules Secretion 241 14.10 Hydroxychavicol and Platelet Function 243 14.11 Compounds Isolated from Guttiferae Species with Anti‐Platelet Activity 243 14.12 Conclusions 244 References 244 Index 247