Green Deep Eutectic Solvents

Lead the way in sustainable innovation with this comprehensive guide, offering an in-depth exploration of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their groundbreaking applications in green chemistry and industrial solutions. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent a groundbreaking development in green chemistry, offering tunable properties, low toxicity, and biodegradability. Unlike conventional solvents, DESs are highly versatile, finding applications in sustainable energy, industrial catalysis, separation processes, and drug development. As industries and researchers increasingly shift toward sustainable technologies, DESs provide a critical framework for addressing environmental and industrial challenges. This book offers a comprehensive overview of green deep eutectic solvents, starting with the fundamental principles and exploring their synthesis, structural characteristics, and physicochemical properties. Serving as a foundational guide, it provides advanced applications and solutions for experienced professionals and focuses on environmental impact, scalability, and cutting-edge research, making it a vital resource for advancing green chemistry practices in academia and industry. Readers will find the volume: Comprehensively covers the full spectrum of green deep eutectic solvents (DESs); Provides practical insights into DES synthesis, characterization, and industrial applications; Explores applications in catalysis, gas capture, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and metallurgy; Offers up-to-date research and solutions for sustainability challenges. Audience Researchers, scientists, academics, engineers, and professionals in green chemistry, materials science, environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, and nanotechnology.

Preface xv 1 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fundamental, Properties, and Applications 1 Baiju Chenthamara, M. Shaibuna and Ramesh L. Gardas 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 History of DESs 3 1.3 Definition of DES 3 1.4 Classification 6 1.5 Preparation Methods 7 1.6 Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of DES 9 1.7 Selected Applications of DESs 23 1.8 Conclusions 26 2 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Green Synthesis, Fabrication, and Characterization 37 Jyoti Chauhan, Ashwariya Patel, Rajesh Kumar Sahu, Shweta Kanungo and Bhawana Jain 2.1 Introduction 38 2.2 Significance of DESs 38 2.3 Synthesis of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) 39 2.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of DESs 40 2.5 Applications of DES 48 2.6 Application of DESs in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery 51 2.7 Conclusion 52 3 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents: Structure, Toxicity, and Biodegradability 57 Nübar Abbaszada, Nurevþan Kaya, Serap Cetinkaya and Burak Tüzün 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents: Overview and Classification 58 3.3 Toxicity and Biodegradability of NADES 64 3.4 Physicochemical Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents 65 3.5 Application of NADES 68 3.6 Conclusion 69 4 Hydrophobic and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Structure, Properties, and Application 75 Khasan Berdimuradov, Akbarali Rasulov, Elyor Berdimurodov, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa and Anvar Khamidov 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Structure of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 77 4.3 Properties of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 80 4.4 Applications of Hydrophobic and Natural DES 87 4.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges 95 4.6 Conclusion 97 5 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Catalysis 103 Husan Yaxshinorov, Javokhir Abdisattorov, Marcin Karbarz, Elyor Berdimurodov and Anvar Khamidov 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Applications of DES in Catalysis 105 5.3 Mechanisms and Theoretical Studies 112 5.4 Challenges and Limitations, and Future Perspectives 115 5.5 Conclusion 116 6 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Separation 121 Yusufboy Rajabov, Jaykhun Mamatov, Laziz Azimov, Abhinay Thakur, Ashish Kumar, Elyor Berdimurodov and Anvar Khamidov 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Applications of DES in Extraction Processes 124 6.3 DES in Separation of Biomolecules 125 6.4 DES in Gas Separation 128 6.5 DES in Membrane Separation Processes 131 6.6 Challenges, Limitations, and Future Perspectives 132 6.7 Conclusion 134 7 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Gas Capture 141 Khasan Berdimuradov, Muslum Demir, Elyor Berdimurodov, Omar Dagdag, Anvar Khamidov and Mohamed Rbaa 7.1 Introduction 142 7.2 Mechanisms of Gas Capture Using DES 143 7.3 Applications of DES in Gas Capture 145 7.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 151 7.5 Conclusion 153 8 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing 157 Ilayda Bersu Kul, Parham Taslimi, Nastaran Sadeghian, Gamze Tüzün and Burak Tüzün 8.1 Description of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 159 8.2 Biocatalysis and Its Role in Bioprocesses 160 8.3 Properties of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 162 8.4 Applications of DESs in Polar Organometallic Chemistry 163 8.5 Applications of DESs in Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 164 8.6 Applications of DESs in Biocatalysis 165 8.7 Reactions Catalyzed by Lewis Acid Type DESs 166 8.8 Reactions Catalyzed by Brønsted Acid Type DESs 167 8.9 Combining Deep Eutectic Solvents with Enzymes to Create a Potent Toolbox for Organic Synthesis 169 8.10 Whole-Cells Catalyzed Reductions 171 8.11 Utilizing Deep Eutectic Solvents to Synthesize Green Nanoparticles and Their Use in Water Treatment 172 8.12 DES as Solvent for Whole-Cell Biocatalysis 174 8.13 DES as Extractive Agents in Biotransformation 175 8.14 DESs Function in Biomass Pretreatment 176 8.15 Future Perspectives 176 8.16 Conclusion 177 9 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Power Systems and Battery Technologies 183 Halil Ýbrahim Çetintaþ and Burak Tüzün 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Fundamentals of DESs 184 9.3 Classification of the DESs 186 9.4 Properties of the DESs 187 9.5 Applications of DESs 189 9.6 DESs in Power Systems and Battery Technologies 190 9.7 Conclusion 200 10 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Chemistry 209 M. Rbaa, Z. Rouifi, M. Oubaaqa, A. Barrahi, E. Berdimurodov, B. Tüzün, B. Lakhrissi, A. Zarrouk and R. Seghiri 10.1 Introduction 210 10.2 Definition of Deep Eutectic Solvent 212 10.3 Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents 212 10.4 Methods for Preparing GDES 214 10.5 Physicochemical Properties of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 214 10.6 Comparison with Traditional Solvents 217 10.7 The Use of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Organic Chemistry 218 10.8 Applications in Organic Synthesis 220 10.9 Deep Eutectic Solvents Economic Advantages 221 10.10 Conclusion 222 11 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Genomics/Fundamentals of Nucleic Acids 227 Ayushi Prajapat, Naina, Iona Massey, Prashant Singh, Garima Pandey, Kumar Rakesh Ranjan and Kamlesh Kumari 11.1 An Introduction to Deep Eutectic Solvents 228 11.2 Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents 228 11.3 General Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents 229 11.4 What are Green Deep Eutectic Solvents? 236 11.5 Deep Eutectic Solvents with Biological Molecules 237 11.6 Interaction of Deep Eutectic Solvents with Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) for Their Stability 241 11.7 Conclusion 243 12 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 253 Palesa Pamela Seele, Reitumetse Precious Molefi, Kabo Matshetshe, Hendriette Van der Walt and Charlotte Maserumule 12.1 Introduction of DES to the Pharmaceutical and Medical Industry 254 12.2 Biocompatibility, Cytotoxicity and Biodegradability of DES 260 12.3 Biomedical Applications of DES 271 12.4 Antimicrobial Properties and Mechanisms of DES 278 12.5 Fabrication of DES to Improve the Drug Delivery Systems and Pharmacokinetics of Drugs 281 12.6 The Mechanisms of DES in Solubilizing Biomolecules and the Effects of Water 290 12.7 Industrial/Commercial Use and Limitations of DES 303 13 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Nanomaterial Synthesis 327 Abhinay Thakur and Ashish Kumar 13.1 Introduction 328 13.2 Fundamentals of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 330 13.3 Properties and Advantages of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents 333 13.4 Interactions Between Green Deep Eutectic Solvents and Nanomaterial Precursors 335 13.5 Applications of Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Nanomaterial Synthesis 338 13.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 344 13.7 Conclusion 345 14 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymerization/Polymer Chemistry 355 Omar Dagdag, Rajesh Haldhar, Abhinay Thakur, Walid Daoudi, Avni Berisha, Elyor Berdimurodov, Hicham Es-soufi and Hansang Kim 14.1 Introduction 356 14.2 General Description of DES 358 14.3 DES: Their Role in Polymer Synthesis 359 14.4 Study on Polymerization in DES 360 14.5 Applications of DES in Polymer Chemistry 364 14.6 Conclusion 366 15 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds 371 Elyor Berdimurodov, Ashish Kumar, Omar Dagdag, Mohamed Rbaa, Anvar Khamidov and Bhawana Jain 15.1 Introduction 372 15.2 Applications in Bioactive Compound Extraction 374 15.3 Challenges and Future Directions in DES-Based Extraction 382 15.4 Conclusion 385 16 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Metallurgy and Electrodeposition 391 Javokhir Abdisattorov, Akbarali Rasulov, Husan Yaxshinorov, Fan Baomin and Elyor Berdimurodov 16.1 Introduction 392 16.2 DES as Electrolytes in Metallurgy 393 16.3 Green Deep Eutectic Solvents in Electrodeposition 394 16.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 401 16.5 Conclusion 403 References 403 Index 407