Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals

Transform your understanding of modern medicine with this essential book, which provides a comprehensive overview of how surgical robots are reshaping healthcare and enabling the rise of smart hospitals. The rapid evolution of technology has revolutionized the field of medicine, and nowhere is this more evident than in the integration of surgical robots into modern healthcare systems. As we stand on the brink of a new era in medical science, the concept of smart hospitals has emerged as a beacon of innovation, efficiency, and precision. This book explores the transformative role of robotic systems in surgical procedures and their integration into the broader framework of intelligent healthcare ecosystems. The journey of surgical robots began decades ago, with the first robotic-assisted surgeries marking a significant milestone in medical history. Since then, advancements in robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics have propelled these systems into the forefront of modern surgery. This book is designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of surgical robotics and their role in smart hospitals. It also explores the ethical and societal implications of this technological revolution. As robots take on more significant roles in healthcare, questions about accountability, privacy, and the human touch in medicine become increasingly important. Readers will find this volume: Provides a thorough introduction to surgical robots, including their history, types, benefits, and current state of adoption; Explores the infrastructure requirements for surgical robots, including operating room design, networking, and data management systems; Covers a range of clinical applications for surgical robots, including general surgery, urology, gynecology, orthopedics, and neurosurgery; Discusses training programs for surgical robots, including simulation-based training, mentorship, and certification for surgical robot operators; Evaluates the future directions for surgical robots, including the potential of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and haptic feedback. Audience Surgeons and surgical teams, hospital administrators, healthcare executives and policymakers, engineers, and researchers involved with robotics in the medical field.

Preface xxix Part 1: Fundamentals of Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 1 1 Defining Smart Hospitals 3 V. Karthikeyan, Y. Palinvisu and Anita Antwiwaa 1.1 Introduction and Motivation 4 1.2 Materials and Methods 6 1.3 Analytical Requirements for Intelligent Healthcare Facilities 9 1.4 Integration of IT Environments in Smart Hospitals 11 1.5 Improving Connectivity and Efficiency 13 1.6 Revolutionizing Healthcare with Cutting-Edge Technology 16 1.7 Optimizing Operations and Improving Patient Care 18 1.8 Integration of Medical Devices in Smart Hospitals 21 1.9 Interoperability and Research Data Export 23 1.10 Conclusion 25 2 AI-Driven IoT, Federated Learning, and Surgical Robotics: Revolutionizing Smart Healthcare 31 Garima Jain, Ankush Jain, Amita Shukla and Prashant Kumar 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals: Revolutionizing Precision and Efficiency 36 2.3 Architecture of an IoT-Aided Robotic System 38 2.4 Role of AI in IoT-Aided Robotics 42 2.5 AI-Driven IoT, Federated Learning, and Surgical Robotics: Revolutionizing Smart Healthcare 43 2.6 AI-Driven IoT, Federated Learning, and Robotics: The Current Utilization and Transformation of Smart Healthcare 47 2.7 AI-Driven IoT, Federated Learning, Surgical Robotics, and Block Chain for Secure Collaborative EHR Analytics 50 2.8 Integrating IoT, Federated Learning, Surgical Robotics and AI in Healthcare: Current Applications and Motivations 52 2.9 Integration of IoT-Based Robotic Healthcare Systems with Robotic Assisted Surgery 53 2.10 Challenges and Future Directions in Federated Learning (FL) and AI-Driven Robotic Surgery: Overcoming Barriers to Collaborative Machine Learning 55 2.11 Conclusion 56 3 Off-Line Robot Programming: Methods and Tools 59 M. Anand, T. M. Sheeba, S. Albert Antony Raj, A. S. Anshy Princella and J. S. Femilda Josephin 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Off-Line Programming Methods and Tools 61 3.3 Benefits of Offline Programming 62 3.4 Applications of OLP 63 3.5 Impact on Small Batch Manufacturing 64 3.6 Tools for Offline Programmed Robots 65 3.7 Common Misconceptions and Misunderstandings about OLP 70 3.8 Graphical 3D Model Simulator 71 3.9 Offline Programming of Industrial Robots 74 3.10 Tips for Robot Offline Programming 77 3.11 Conclusion 81 4 Surgical Robots in Urology and Gynecology 83 Neha Ramesh, Praveen Joe I. R. and Vijay John 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Historical Perspective on Robotic Surgery in Urology 85 4.3 The da Vinci Surgical System: Architecture and Advancements 86 4.4 Applications of Robotic Surgery in Urology 87 4.5 Emerging Technologies in Robotic Urology 90 4.6 Robotic-Assisted Gynecological Procedures 91 4.7 Efficacy and Safety of Robotic-Assisted Surgery in Gynecology 95 4.8 Technical Aspects and Components of Robotic Surgical Systems 95 4.9 Advancing Robotic Platforms 97 4.10 Training Programs and Implementation Strategies 98 4.11 Comparative Analysis of Robotic Surgery in Urology and Gynecology 101 4.12 Challenges and Controversies 102 4.13 Future Directions 103 4.14 Conclusion 104 5 Urology and Gynecology: Clinical Applications and Models of Surgical Robots 107 Snehal P. Bhagat, Amol P. Bhagat, Nikhil Band and Milind R. Dhande 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Models of Surgical Robot in Urology and Gynecology 112 5.3 Python-Based Implementation of Surgical Robot Model in Urology and Gynecology 117 5.4 Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Urology and Gynecology Robotics Surgery 120 5.5 Conclusion 122 6 Top Algorithms in Machine Learning for Predicting Insights in Smart Applications 125 Nareen Jan, Javaid A. Sheikh, Immad A. Shah and Tanuj Surve 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 Machine Learning Algorithms 127 6.3 Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms 140 7 Smart Hospitals in Modern Era 151 Roopa Devi E.M., Shanthakumari R., Jayaswati P. and Mythili M. 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 The Evolution of Smart Hospital 153 7.3 Key Components of Smart Hospital 154 7.4 Smart Hospital Design 157 7.5 Architecture of Smart Hospitals 161 7.6 AI Integration in Smart Hospitals 165 7.7 Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Hospitals 167 7.8 Applications from Intelligent Hospitals 171 7.9 Challenges for Smart Cities 174 7.10 Comparing Traditional Hospitals and Smart Hospitals 178 7.11 Future Scope of Smart Hospitals 180 7.12 Conclusion 181 8 Revolutionizing Surgery in Smart Hospital with Robotics Techniques 185 Sarita, Khushboo Tripathi and Kashish Kumari 8.1 Introduction to Surgical Robots 186 8.2 Evolution of Robotic Surgeries in Healthcare 187 8.3 Working of Surgical Robots 190 8.4 Benefits and Challenges of Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 191 8.5 AI in Surgical Robot 193 8.6 Future of Surgical Robots and Smart Hospitals 194 8.7 Disinfection Robotics 195 8.8 Patient Care Robotics 197 8.9 Supply Chain Robotics and Logistics in Healthcare 199 8.10 Benefits of Robotic Integration in Healthcare 199 8.11 Overcoming Implementation Challenges 200 8.12 Real-World Applications of Surgical Robots 2018.13 Conclusion 202 8.14 Future Scope 203 Part 2: Method and Applications of Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 207 9 Applications of Fog, Edge, and Cloud-Based Deployment of AI-Infused Metaverse Integration in Smart Healthcare 209 Ajeet Kumar Sharma, Saurabh Singhal, Avinash Kumar Sharma and Rakesh Kumar 9.1 Introduction 210 9.2 Computing Paradigms: Cloud, Edge, and Fog Computing 213 9.3 Cloud-Based AI Deployment in the Metaverse for Smart Healthcare 217 9.4 Edge-Based AI Deployment in AI-Infused Metaverse Healthcare 219 9.5 Fog-Based AI Deployment in AI-Infused Metaverse Healthcare 221 9.6 Comparative Analysis of Cloud, Edge, and Fog Deployment in AI-Infused Metaverse Healthcare 222 9.7 Future Trends and Research Directions in AI-Driven Healthcare 223 9.8 Conclusion 225 10 Intelligent Chatbot for Personalized Mental Healthcare Support 229 R. Gayathri, T. Perarasi, R. Ramkumar and M. Adbullah 10.1 Introduction 230 10.2 Methodology 235 10.3 Continuous Improvement 242 10.4 Proposed Work Modules 242 10.5 Results and Discussion 246 10.6 Conclusion and Future Work 249 11 Medical Sensor Network, Edge Computing, and Blockchain for Efficient Medical Data Exchange 253 Amit Kumar Tyagi and Richa 11.1 Introduction to Medical Sensor Network, Blockchain Technology and Edge Computing: Challenges and Future Scope 254 11.2 Background Work 255 11.3 Medical Sensor Networks in Healthcare: Overview, Types, Importance and Applications 257 11.4 Edge Computing in Healthcare: Definition, Concepts, Advantages and Challenges and Opportunities 258 11.5 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Principles, Use Cases and Benefits and Challenges 259 11.6 Blockchain, Medical Sensor Networks, and Edge Computing Integration for a Safer, Secure Healthcare Services 262 11.7 Use Cases and Applications of Emerging Technology in Medical Data Exchanges 265 11.8 Issue and Challenges Toward Using Technologies in Healthcare Sector 267 11.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Using Edge Computing, Blockchain, and Medical Sensor Networks in Healthcare Sector 272 11.10 Conclusion 274 12 Impact of AI on Robotics Surgery: A Comprehensive Overview 279 M. Ramprasath, Elangovan G., Prakash Duraisamy and V. Kavitha 12.1 Introduction 280 12.2 Related Works 284 12.3 Exploring the Moral and Legal Environment of RAS 291 12.4 Computer Vision and Neurological Surgery 294 12.5 Neural Surgery and Robotics 297 12.6 Conclusion 299 13 Enhancing Healthcare and Monitoring Systems with Wearable Devices 305 Shrikant Tiwari, Kanchan Naithani and Ramesh Wadawadagi 13.1 Introduction 305 13.2 Technology Behind Wearable Devices 308 13.3 Wireless Connectivity and Integration with Other Devices 311 13.4 Applications of Wearable Devices in Healthcare 314 13.5 Design and Development of Wearable Devices 318 13.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 323 13.7 Ethical and Legal Considerations 326 13.8 Future Directions and Opportunities 329 13.9 Conclusion 332 14 Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals: Enhancing Precision and Patient Outcomes 339 Arun Kumar Singh, Juhi Singh, Shishir Singh Chauhan and Ankit Chauhan 14.1 Introduction 340 14.2 Background and Literature Review 342 14.3 Smart Hospitals: The Ecosystem of the Future 347 14.4 Proposed Methodology for Integration 350 14.5 Advancing Sustainable Development Goals 355 14.6 Conclusion and Statistical Analysis 356 14.7 Future Research Directions 357 15 Integrating Blockchain and Telerobotic in Orthopedics: Advancing Secure and Remote Surgical Innovations 363 A. Ritu and A. Eshaan 15.1 Introduction 364 15.2 Related Work 365 15.3 Proposed Methodology 367 15.4 Conclusion 373 16 Improving Lung Cancer Detection Using Hybrid Features and Optimized through VGG-16 377 A. Ritu and A. Eshaan 16.1 Introduction 378 16.2 Literature Review 379 16.3 Material and Methods Used 381 16.4 Results and Discussion 384 16.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 392 Part 3: Issues and Challenges Towards Implementing Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 395 17 Education and Certification for Surgical Robot Operators 397 V. Shyamala Susan, K. Chitra Chellam, K.S. Anushya and Ir. Bambang Sugiyono Agus Purwono 17.1 Introduction 398 17.2 Literature Survey 398 17.3 Pathways Leading to Becoming a Surgical Robot Operator 400 17.4 Hospital Privileging and Credentialing 401 17.5 Recredentialing and Ongoing Competency Evaluation 405 17.6 Certification Requirements for Surgical Robot Operators 406 17.7 Continuing Medical Education (CME) and Skill Maintenance 412 17.8 Robotic Surgery Training Issues and Evolving Directions 416 17.9 Ethical Considerations in Robotic Surgery Training 425 17.10 Conclusion 430 18 Enhancing Healthcare Cybersecurity with AI-Driven Threat Intelligence: Proactive Defense against Evolving Cyber Threats 437 Emmanuel Innocent Umoh, Hussaini Bishara and Avinash Kumar Sharma 18.1 Introduction 437 18.2 The Evolving Healthcare Threat Landscape 440 18.3 AI-Driven Threat Intelligence Framework for Healthcare 447 18.4 AI-Driven Cybersecurity in Healthcare: Strategies, Implementation, and Case Studies 455 18.5 Future Directions and Proposed Model to Enhance Healthcare Cybersecurity 462 18.6 Conclusion 466 19 Advancements and Challenges in IoT Adoption for Healthcare: A Review 469 Ashok Kumar Jayaraman, Gayathri Ananthakrishnan, Anugna Yakkala, Pavan Tej P. G. and Tina Esther Trueman 19.1 Introduction 470 19.2 IoT Communication Models 472 19.3 Issues and Challenges in Medical Domain 488 19.4 Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) 498 19.5 Conclusion 501 Part 4: Near Future Development Towards Using Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 511 20 Intelligent Medical Business Assistant: Transforming Hospital Efficiency Through Advanced Analytics 513 Ahmed A. Esmail, Sayed M. Abdallah, Mohamed A. Elsayed, Ahmed E. Mohamed, Mostafa H. Fawzy, Ahmed Ismail Ebada and Aya M. Al-Zoghby 20.1 Introduction 515 20.2 Related Work 517 20.3 Methodology 524 20.4 Results and Dataset 538 20.5 Conclusion 541 21 Next-Generation Industrial Robots: Design and Development 547 Yash Suhas Jawale, Praveen Joe I. R. and Vijay John 21.1 Introduction 548 21.2 Future Requirements 550 21.3 Conclusion 568 22 A Deep Learning–Based Expression Recognition Analysis Assistant for Psychologists 571 Harjyot Singh Bagga, Sanjoi Sethi, Rishab Goswami, Annapurna Jonnalagadda and Ushus E.Z. 22.1 Introduction 572 22.2 Background 573 22.3.1 Text 577 22.4 Design Approach and Details 582 22.5 Result Screenshots 587 22.6 Conclusions 597 23 Future Directions for Surgical Robots in Smart Hospitals 599 A. Sivasangari, V.J.K. Kishore Sonti, J. Cruz Antony, E. Murali and D. Deepa 23.1 Introduction 600 23.2 Increased Influence of Robotics in Healthcare 602 23.3 AI's Role in Evolution of Modern Healthcare Industry 607 23.4 Integration of Robotics and AI in the Development of Advanced Surgical Robots 611 23.5 Smart Hospitals: From Ease of Registration to Remote Surgery and Teleoperated Haptic Technology 614 23.6 Futuristic Implications of Surgical Robots 621 23.7 Conclusion 622 24 The Prospective of Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Robotics Towards Orthopedics and Neurosurgery 627 Chandana Mohanty, Priya Das, Swati Swayamsiddha and Sarita Nanda 24.1 Introduction 628 24.2 AI Robotics 630 24.3 Applications of AI-Robotics in Orthopedics Field 634 24.4 Applications of AI Robotics in Neurosurgery Field 639 24.5 Potential Impact of AI Robotics and Future Implications 643 24.6 Challenges and Further Research Directions 645 24.7 Conclusion 646 25 Innovative Approaches in Smart Healthcare: Artificial Intelligence Techniques Via Federated Learning 657 Shrikant Tiwari, Kanchan Naithani and Ramesh S. Wadawadagi 25.1 Introduction 658 25.2 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare 662 25.3 Federated Learning in Healthcare 664 25.4 Decentralized Model Training 670 25.5 Case Studies 674 25.6 Interoperability and Standards 680 25.7 Future Directions and Emerging Technologies 685 25.8 Conclusion 687 References 688 Index 693