The Invertebrates

The majority of undergraduate texts in invertebrate zoology (of which there are many) fall into one of two categories. They either offer a systematic treatment of groups of animals phylum by phylum, or adopt a functional approach to the various anatomical and physiological systems of the better known species. The Invertebrates is the first and only textbook to integrate both approaches and thus meet the modern teaching needs of the subject. This is the only invertebrate textbook to integrate systematics and functional approaches. The molecular systematics sections have been completely updated for the new edition. Strong evolutionary theme which reflects the importance of molecular techniques throughout. Distills the essential characteristics of each invertebrate group and lists diagnostic features to allow comparisons between phyla. New phyla have been added for the new edition. Stresses comparisons in physiology, reproduction and development. Improved layout and illustration quality. Second edition has sold 14000 copies. Nature of the first edition: 'Students will like this book. It deserves to succeed.'

Preface, vii Part 1: Evolutionary Introduction 1 Introduction: Basic Approach and Principles, 3 1.1 Why invertebrates? 3 1.2 Properties of living things, 4 1.3 Origins of life, 6 1.4 Levels of organismic organization, 7 1.5 Prospects, 7 1.6 Further reading, 8 2 The Evolutionary History and Phylogeny of the Invertebrates, 9 2.1 Introduction, 9 2.2 The simplest animals, 11 2.3 The bilaterally-symmetrical animals, 16 2.4 Interrelationships of the superphyla, 25 2.5 The origin, radiation and extinction of animal groups, 26 2.6 Biodiversity, 33 2.7 Further reading, 34 Part 2: The Invertebrate Phyla 3 Parallel Approaches to Animal Multicellularity, 39 3.1 'The Protozoa', 39 3.2 Superphylum PARAZOA (sponges), 46 3.3 Superphylum PHAGOCYTELLOZOA, 53 3.4 Superphylum RADIATA, 54 3.5 Superphylum MESOZOA, 65 3.6 Superphylum BILATERIA, 68 3.7 Further reading, 78 4 The Worms, 80 4.1 Phylum NEMERTEA (ribbon- or proboscis-worms), 81 4.2 Phylum GNATHOSTOMULA, 83 4.3 Phylum GASTROTRICHA, 84 4.4 Phylum NEMATODA, 86 4.5 Phylum NEMATOMORPHA (horsehair worms), 90 4.6 Phylum KINORHYNCHA, 92 4.7 Phylum LORICIFERA, 94 4.8 Phylum PRIAPULA, 95 4.9 Phylum ROTIFERA, 96 4.10 Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA, 99 4.11 Phylum SIPUNCULA, 101 4.12 Phylum ECHIURA, 102 4.13 Phylum POGONOPHORA, 103 4.14 Phylum ANNELIDA, 105 4.15 Worms of uncertain phylum, 116 4.16 Further reading, 117 5 The Molluscs, 118 5.1 Phylum MOLLUSCA, 118 5.2 Further reading, 132 6 The Lophophorates, 134 6.1 Phylum PHORONA, 134 6.2 Phylum BRACHIOPODA (lamp-shells), 136 6.3 Phylum BRYOZOA, 137 6.4 Phylum ENTOPROCTA, 142 6.5 Phylum CYCLIOPHORA, 143 6.6 Further reading, 145 7 The Deuterostomes, 146 7.1 Phylum CHAETOGNATHA (arrow-worms), 146 7.2 Phylum HEMICHORDATA, 147 7.3 Phylum ECHINODERMATA, 151 7.4 Phylum CHORDATA, 159 7.5 Further reading, 167 8 Invertebrates with Legs: the Arthropods and Similar Groups, 168 8.1 Phylum TARDIGRADA (water bears), 169 8.2 Phylum PENTASTOMA (tongue-worms), 171 8.3 Phylum ONYCHOPHORA, 172 8.4 Phylum CHELICERATA, 174 8.5 Phylum UNIRAMIA, 179 8.6 Phylum CRUSTACEA, 191 8.7 Further reading, 205 Part 3: Invertebrate Functional Biology 9 Feeding, 209 9.1 Introduction: the evolution of animal modes of feeding, 209 9.2 Types of animal feeding: patterns of acquisition and processing, 217 9.3 Costs and benefits of feeding: optimal foraging, 226 9.4 Conclusions, 236 9.5 Further reading, 236 10 Mechanics and Movement (Locomotion), 238 10.1 Introduction, 238 10.2 The generation of forces by animal cells, 241 10.3 Ciliary locomotion, 244 10.4 Muscular activity and skeletal systems, 247 10.5 Burrowing, creeping, crawling, walking and running: locomotion over and through a solid substrate, 250 10.6 Swimming and flying, 259 10.7 Conclusions, 270 10.8 Further reading, 270 11 Respiration, 272 11.1 Central importance of ATP in respiration, 272 11.2 Backbone of catabolism, 272 11.3 Generating ATP without O2, 272 11.4 Uptake of O2, 274 11.5 Measuring metabolism, 280 11.6 Factors influencing respiration, 282 11.7 Conclusions, 287 11.8 Further reading, 287 12 Excretion, Ionic and Osmotic Regulation, and Buoyancy, 289 12.1 Excretion, 289 12.2 Osmotic and ionic regulation, 290 12.3 Excretory systems, 296 12.4 Conclusions, 300 12.5 Further reading, 300 13 Defence, 302 13.1 Classification of threats, 302 13.2 Defence, 302 13.3 Conclusions, 315 13.4 Further reading, 315 14 Reproduction and Life Cycles, 317 14.1 Introduction, 317 14.2 The significance of sexual and asexual reproduction, 323 14.3 The organization of sexual reproduction and life histories: reproductive traits and functions, 338 14.4 The control of reproductive processes, 344 14.5 Reproduction and resource allocation, 355 14.6 Conclusions, 361 14.7 Further reading, 362 15 Development, 364 15.1 Oogenesis: the storage of developmental information, 365 15.2 Patterns of early development, 373 15.3 Experimental embryology of invertebrates: the determination of cell fate, 380 15.4 The developmental genetics of Drosophila melanogaster, 389 15.5 Larval development and metamorphosis, 403 15.6 Regeneration, 407 15.7 Conclusion: invertebrate development and the genetic programme, 409 15.8 Further reading, 412 16 Control Systems, 413 16.1 Potentials, 414 16.2 Neurones and their connections, 418 16.3 Organization of nervous systems, 422 16.4 Receptors, 430 16.5 Vision, 433 16.6 Sensory processing, 436 16.7 Spontaneity, 441 16.8 Neural bases of behaviour, 443 16.9 Organization of motor output, 447 16.10 Chemical communication, 450 16.11 Roles of endocrine systems, 454 16.12 Applications, 460 16.13 Conclusion, 463 16.14 Further reading, 463 17 Basic Principles Revisited, 464 17.1 Basic physiological features of phenotypes, 464 17.2 The primacy of replication and reproduction, 465 17.3 Ontogeny, 465 17.4 Ontogeny and phylogeny, 467 17.5 Size and shape – scaling, 469 17.6 Further reading, 470 Glossary, 471 Illustration Sources, 478 Index, 483