Iridium(III) in Optoelectronic and Photonics Applications, 2 Volume Set

The fundamental photophysical properties of iridium(III) materials make this class of materials the pre-eminent transition metal complex for use in optoelectronic applications. Iridium(III) in Optoelectronic and Photonics Applications represents the definitive account of photoactive iridium complexes and their use across a wide variety of applications. This two-volume set begins with an overview of the synthesis of these complexes and discusses their photophysical properties. The text highlights not only mononuclear complexes but also the properties of multinuclear and polymeric iridium-based materials and the assembly of iridium complexes into larger supramolecular architectures such as MOFs and soft materials. Chapters devoted to the use of these iridium-based materials in diverse optoelectronic applications follow, including: electroluminescent devices such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEECs); electrochemiluminescence (ECL); bioimaging; sensing; light harvesting in the context of solar cell applications; in photoredox catalysis and as components for solar fuels. Although primarily targeting a chemistry audience, the wide applicability of these compounds transcends traditional disciplines, making this text also of use to physicists, materials scientists or biologists who have interests in these areas.

List of Contributors xv Foreword xvii Preface xix VOLUME 1 1 Archetypal Iridium(III) Compounds for Optoelectronic and Photonic Applications: Photophysical Properties and Synthetic Methods 1 Joseph C. Deaton and Felix N. Castellano 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Iridium Complex Ion Dopants in Silver Halide Photographic Materials 1 1.3 Overview of the Photophysical Properties of C^N and C^C: Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes 2 1.4 Importance of Ir—C Bonds in the Archetypal Ir(III) Complexes for Optoelectronic and Photonic Applications 9 1.5 Tuning Emission Color 14 1.6 Absorbance and Photoluminescence of C^N Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes 17 1.7 SOC Mechanism: Radiative Decay Rates and ZFS 23 1.8 Non-Radiative Decay Rates 39 1.9 Synthetic Methods Targeting C^N Cyclometalated Ir(III) Compounds 42 1.10 Synthetic Methods for Cyclometalated Ir(III) Compounds Containing Carbenes 47 1.11 Conclusions 48 2 Multinuclear Iridium Complexes 71 J. A. Gareth Williams 2.1 Introduction 71 2.2 Compounds Incorporating 'Single Atom Bridges': μ-Chloro, μ-Oxo and μ-Aza 72 2.3 Polyatomic Acyclic Bridges: Acetylides, Cyanides and Hydrazides 78 2.4 Compounds with Heterocyclic Bridges 82 2.5 Multinuclear Complexes Featuring Conjugated Bridges between Iridium-Bound Polypyridyl or Arylpyridyl Ligands 93 2.6 Concluding Remarks 104 3 Soft Materials and Soft Salts Based on Iridium Complexes 111 Etienne Baranoff and Yafei Wang 3.1 Introduction 111 3.2 Liquid Crystals 112 3.3 Gels 115 3.4 Micelles 116 3.5 Langmuir–Blodgett Films 118 3.6 Soft Salts 118 3.7 Conclusion 123 4 Porous Materials Based on Precious Metal Building Blocks for Solar Energy Applications 127 Daniel Micheroni and Wenbin Lin 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2 The Luminescent Nature of MOFs and Their Use in Chemical Applications 129 4.3 Energy Transfer in Porous Materials 134 4.4 Porous Materials for Water Oxidation 136 4.5 Porous Materials for Proton Reduction 138 4.6 Porous Materials for CO2 Reduction 140 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook 141 5 Polymeric Architectures Containing Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes 145 Andreas Winter and Ulrich S. Schubert 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Ir(III)-Containing Polymers: Classification, Design Principles, and Syntheses 146 5.3 Hyperbranched and Dendritic Architectures 187 5.4 Concluding Remarks 191 6 Iridium(III) Complexes for OLED Application 205 Elena Longhi and Luisa De Cola 6.1 Introduction 205 6.2 Iridium Complexes 206 6.3 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 216 6.4 Iridium(III) Complexes for PHOLED Application 227 6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 262 7 A Comprehensive Review of Luminescent Iridium Complexes Used in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LEECs) 275 Adam F. Henwood and Eli Zysman-Colman 7.1 Introduction 275 7.2 Device Fundamentals 278 7.3 Green Emitters 280 7.4 Blue Emitters 301 7.5 Yellow Emitters 323 7.6 Orange-Red Emitters 334 7.7 Conclusions and Outlook 348 VOLUME 2 8 Electrochemiluminescence of Iridium Complexes 359 Sarah E. Laird and Conor F. Hogan 8.1 Background and Overview of Electrochemiluminescence 359 8.2 Iridium ECL 363 9 Strategic Applications of Luminescent Iridium(III) Complexes as Biomolecular Probes, Cellular Imaging Reagents, and Photodynamic Therapeutics 415 Karson Ka-Shun Tso and Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo 9.1 Introduction 415 9.2 General Cellular Staining Reagents 416 9.3 Hypoxia Sensing Probes 423 9.4 Molecular and Ion Intracellular Probes 427 9.5 Organelle-Targeting Bioimaging Reagents 441 9.6 Functionalized Polypeptides for Bioimaging 450 9.7 Polymers and Nanoparticles for Bioimaging 454 9.8 Photocytotoxic Reagents and Photodynamic Therapeutics 458 9.9 Conclusion 466 10 Iridium Complexes in the Development of Optical Sensors 479 Teresa Ramón-Márquez, Marta Marín-Suárez, Alberto Fernández-Gutiérrez and J. F. Fernández-Sánchez 10.1 Generalities of Optical Sensors 479 10.2 Ir(III) Used as Optical Probes 481 10.3 Ir(III) Used in the Development of Sensing Phases 509 10.4 Conclusion and Future Challenges 522 11 Photoredox Catalysis of Iridium(III)-Based Photosensitizers 541 Timothy M. Monos and Corey R. J. Stephenson 11.1 Introduction 541 11.2 Iridium-Based Photoredox Catalysis in Organic Synthesis 547 11.3 Conclusion 574 12 Solar Fuel Generation: Structural and Functional Evolution of Iridium Photosensitizers 583 Husain N. Kagalwala, Danielle N. Chirdon and Stefan Bernhard 12.1 Introduction 583 12.2 Fundamentals of [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ Photosensitizers 585 12.3 Application of [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ in Photocatalytic Water Reduction 589 12.4 Alternative Iridium Structures 603 12.5 Outlook 607 13 Iridium Complexes in Water Oxidation Catalysis 617 Ilaria Corbucci, Alceo Macchioni and Martin Albrecht 13.1 Introduction 617 13.2 Sacrificial Oxidants 619 13.3 Molecular Iridium Catalyst for Water Oxidation 621 13.4 Conclusions 647 14 Iridium Complexes as Photoactive Center for Light Harvesting and Solar Cell Applications 655 Etienne Baranoff and Prashant Kumar 14.1 Introduction 655 14.2 Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Multicomponent Arrays 656 14.3 Iridium Complexes as Photoactive Center for Solar Cell Applications 665 14.4 Conclusions 676 References 677 Index 683