Water Treatment and Desalination

Discover how membrane-based water treatment and desalination systems powered by renewable energy can maximize efficiency and address water scarcity Water Treatment and Desalination provides a comprehensive understanding of the entire water treatment and desalination process, from membrane materials to system optimization and practical applications. This book shows how integrating renewable energy such as solar, wind, wave, geothermal, and bioenergy minimizes operational costs of water desalination over time, describes how to select, model, and design membrane-based desalination systems coupled with renewable energy, and demonstrates how to optimize efficiency and address global water scarcity challenges. This book explores: The increasing demand for freshwater resources worldwide and the environmental impact of conventional desalination methods Various aspects related to membrane technologies, including different materials, fabrication techniques, and characterizations for membrane treatment and desalination Emerging desalination techniques powered by waste heat and the recovery of minerals from seawater using membrane crystallization Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and ultrafiltration (UF) Water Treatment and Desalination is an essential reference for researchers, professionals, and advanced students in the fields of chemical engineering, environmental engineering, and water treatment. It can also be used for academic studies, research purposes, and as a reference guide for industry professionals.

List of Contributors xxi Preface xxxi 1 Membrane Technologies for Water Desalination 1 Ibrahim A. Said 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamentals of Membrane Technologies for Water Desalination 2 1.3 Membrane Distillation (MD) 4 1.4 Forward Osmosis (FO) 6 1.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 9 1.6 Membrane Capacitive Deionization 13 1.7 Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), and Nanofiltration (NF) 15 1.8 Conclusion 16 2 Materials, Fabrication Techniques, and Characterization for Membrane Desalination 23 Zhuo Fan Gao, Ji Wu, Min Lei, Xin Cheng Jin, Zhuo Huang, and Xingdong lv 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Current State-of-the-Art Membrane Processes for Desalination 23 2.3 Material Choice for Desalination Membranes 24 2.4 Fabrication of Membranes for Desalination 26 2.5 Characterization and Performance Evaluation 31 2.6 Concluding Remarks 34 3 Exergy Analysis of Membrane Desalination Systems 39 Noha M. Sayed, Mohamed Rabie, Asmaa Elrasheedy, Raya Al-Dadah, and Marwa Elkady 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Exergy Analysis of Membrane Desalination Systems 46 3.3 Conclusion 54 4 Water Desalination via Solar Energy and Photovoltaic 63 Yunqian Dai, Xiangyu Meng, Haoxuan Li, Ziyu Tao, and Xiao Shen 4.1 Introduction and Development Outline of Solar Water Desalination 63 4.2 Introduction to Material and Device Design Strategies for Solar Water Evaporation 73 4.3 The Development of Integrating Solar Water Evaporation with Sustainable Energy Conversion Applications 94 4.4 Summary and Outlook 109 4.5 Conclusion 111 5 Membrane-Based Desalination Utilizing Wind and Wave Energy 121 Mohamed S. Salem, Mahmoud A. Shouman, Osama Abdelrehim, and Asmaa A. Khater 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Wind-Powered Membrane Desalination 122 5.3 Wave-Powered Membrane Desalination 135 5.4 Conclusion 141 6 Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Water Desalination Systems 149 Amr Mansi, Maggie Nasry Attia, Noran Ashraf, Hamad AlMohamadi, and Mohamed Bassyouni 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Global Status of Geothermal Energy 150 6.3 Geothermal Desalination 152 6.4 Future Perspectives 157 6.5 Considerations and Challenges for Geothermal Desalination 161 6.6 Conclusion 165 7 Bioenergy and Biogas Utilization for Water Desalination 171 Naira Meky and Amor Abdelkader 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Overview of Bioenergy 173 7.3 Water Desalination Techniques and Integration with Bioenergy 184 7.4 Environmental and Economic Aspects 188 7.5 Challenges, Limitations, and Future Research Directions 190 7.6 Conclusion and Recommendations 192 8 Emerging Desalination Techniques Powered by Waste Heat 199 Jesús A. Claudio-Rizo, Denis A. Cabrera-Munguía, Tirso E. Flores-Guía, and Lucía F. Cano-Salazar 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) and Membrane Distillation (MD) 209 8.3 Adsorption Desalination and Hybrid Desalination Systems 225 8.4 Low-Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) 235 8.5 Perspectives and Conclusion 244 9 Minerals Recovery from Seawater by Using Membrane Crystallization 257 Ali Bahadar and Mohamed Helmy Abdel-Aziz 9.1 Introduction 257 9.2 Membrane Crystallization: Principles and Mechanisms 259 9.3 Targeted Minerals and Their Significance 262 9.4 Membrane Crystallization Process Design 265 9.5 Membrane Materials and Their Performance 272 9.6 Operating Parameters and Process Optimization 276 9.7 Challenges and Mitigation Strategies 280 9.8 Case Studies and Applications 282 9.9 Economic Viability and Sustainability 284 9.10 Conclusion 286 10 Integrated Hybrid Systems for Water Desalination 303 Heba Abdallah and Eman Sobhy 10.1 Introduction 303 10.2 Desalination by Membrane Technology 304 10.3 Hybrid Energy Sources for Water Desalination 309 10.4 Desalination Using Nuclear Energy 314 10.5 Hybrid Desalination Systems 315 10.6 Hybrid Water Desalination System for ZLD 320 10.7 Case Study: China’s Mega-Desalination Plant 323 10.8 Conclusion 325 11 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis for Blue Energy Generation 331 Giti Nouri, Sara Pakdaman, and Catherine N. Mulligan 11.1 Introduction to Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 331 11.2 Fundamentals of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 339 11.3 Membrane Technology in the Pressure-Retarded Osmosis System 346 11.4 Energy, Economic, and Environmental Considerations for Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 351 11.5 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Hybrid Systems 356 11.6 Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Applications 363 11.7 Challenges and Future Directions 364 11.8 Conclusion 367 12 Modeling and Simulation of Water Desalination Systems Using TRNSYS 375 Abdelfatah Marni Sandid, Essam Rabea Ibrahim Mahmoud, Mohamed Bassyouni, and Yasser Elhenawy 12.1 Introduction 375 12.2 Materials and Methods 377 12.3 Weather Characteristics of Different Locations 383 12.4 TRNSYS Modeling of Desalination Systems 384 12.5 Results and Discussion 385 12.6 Conclusion 393 13 Economic and Environmental Aspects 399 Moataz El-Bagoury, Dina Aboelela, Mohammed Alyoubi, and Shereen M. S. Abdel-Hamid 13.1 Introduction 399 13.2 Economic Aspects 400 13.3 Environmental Aspects 406 13.4 Renewable Energy Integration 413 13.5 Comparative Study 416 13.6 Conclusion 418 14 Water Treatment by Microbial Fuel Cell System 425 Ilse Alejandra Ortiz Mora, Patricia Balderas Hernández, Gabriela Roa Morales, and Eduardo Campos Medina 14.1 Introduction 425 14.2 Wastewater 428 14.3 Microorganisms 431 14.4 Electrochemical Cells 433 14.5 Biofuel Cells 434 14.6 Yeast Fuel Cells 434 14.7 Microbial Fuel Cells 435 14.8 Case Studies: Exoelectrogenic Bacteria in Microbial Fuel Cells 442 14.9 Design of a Microbial Fuel Cell 444 14.10 Microbial Fuel Cell’s Areas of Improvement 453 14.11 Case Studies: Applications of Microbial Fuel Cells for Water Treatment 454 14.12 Closing Argument and Perspectives of Microbial Fuel Cells 455 15 Economic Feasibility of Membrane Technology 467 Asmaa Ahmed, Mussad M. Alzahrani, Muhammad Mubashir, Ahmed Refaat, and Mohamed Elsakka 15.1 Introduction 467 15.2 Integration of Renewable Energy Resources into Membrane Systems 471 15.3 Cost Dynamics and Economic Feasibility of Membrane Systems 479 15.4 Challenges and Barriers to Economic Feasibility: An Analysis 487 15.5 Suggested Strategies to Overcome Challenges 488 15.6 Conclusion 489 16 Practical Insights, Commercial Installations, and Future Projections 499 Asmaa Ahmed, Mohamed Elsakka, Yasser Elhenawy, Asif Taher, Tapas Mallick, and Ahmed Amer 16.1 Introduction 499 16.2 Technical Aspects of Membrane Systems 500 16.3 Novel Membrane Materials 505 16.4 Real-World Installations 510 16.5 Future Projections for Membrane Desalination 513 16.6 Conclusion 516 17 Advancements in Intensified Membrane Technology for Enhanced Desalination Process 527 Febio Dalanta, Osi Arutanti, and Tutuk Djoko Kusworo 17.1 Introduction 527 17.2 Process Intensification Applications in Membrane Technologies 528 17.3 Applications of Intensified Membranes in Seawater Desalination 529 17.4 Conclusion 558 18 Nuclear Power for Water Desalination 573 Mauricio Chocrón, María Cecilia Conti, and Natalia Quici 18.1 Introduction 573 18.2 Seawater Desalination and Related Technologies 574 18.3 Nuclear Desalination 575 18.4 Conclusion 598 Acknowledgment 599 Questions 599 References 599 Key Answers for Questions 603 Index 631