Achieving Global Food Security: The Caribbean Experience and Beyond

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【簡介】 This book examines the current food security challenges in the small states with a focus on the Caribbean. The work is in the conjuncture of the Covid-19 pandemic and other global shocks, including the disruption in the global supply chains and the increase in climate-related events. These events have led to an increase in global prices, including the price of food and fertilisers. This book starts by examining the global food security crisis considering the aftereffects of the shocks, then provides a macro-overview of the region by focusing on its ability to invest in agriculture. The results indicate that private sector investment in agriculture has experienced only a slight increase despite creeping inflation. This has exacerbated vulnerabilities in food security, which deteriorated in 2020, undoing nearly a decade of progress in the face of climate change. Detailed attention is paid to food vulnerabilities in 14 Caribbean countries. In the final chapter, a series of policy measures are outlined to strengthen the region's food security position, with a particular focus on innovation and the region's comparative advantages. 【目錄】

Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits and Gates to C/C++ and Beyond (3版)

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【簡介】 Description Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits & Gates to C/C++ & Beyond is built on the premise that students learn best by building on what they already know, rather than memorizing and accepting what they do not know. The result: a bottom-up approach to understanding computing, giving students a strong foundation in important aspects of computing early in their coursework. The book is structured in two parts: (a) understanding how a computer works (Chapters 1-10), and (b) programming in a high-level language (Chapters 11-20). Starting with the switch-level behavior of a MOS transistor (not unlike the switch-level behavior of a light switch in one's kitchen), the student constructs logic gates, then MUXes, Decoders, ALUs, latches, flipflops, culminating in memory and finite state control. Each step of the way, the level of abstraction is raised, with the student understanding how he/she put the current step together. From there, it is a simple matter to define the LC-3, a computer that the student programs in both machine language and assembly language, and then tests and debugs his/her programs with little or no help from the TA! Input and output (VO) are done under both program control and via interrupts, through keyboard and monitor, requiring the student to communicate through device data and status registers. Finally, the student invokes system calls, which are implemented in the LC-3 instruction set architecture. The second half of the book focuses on high-level language programming in C and C++ and programming methodology. The essential core of C and C++ is taught, including pointers, arrays, recursion, data structures, objects, and object inheritance. All constructs are explained using the context of the LC-3, developed in the first half of the book. By reducing high-level constructs into low-level implementation in the LC-3, students are able to grasp advanced programing concepts such as function calls, dynamic memory allocation, and objects much more quickly and proficiently. 【目錄】 Table of Contents 1 Welcome Aboard 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations 3 Digital Logic Structures 4 The von Neumann Model 5 The LC-3 6 Programming 7 Assembly Language 8 Data Structures 9 I/O 10 A Calculator 11 Introduction to C/C++ Programming 12 Variables and Operators 13 Control Structures 14 Functions 15 Testing and Debugging 16 Pointers and Arrays 17 Recursion 18 I/O in C 19 Dynamic Data Structures in C 20 Introduction to C++ Appendix A The LC-3 ISA Appendix B From LC-3 to x86 Appendix C The Microarchitecture of the LC-3 Appendix D The C Programming Language Appendix E Useful Tables Appendix F Solutions to Selected Exercises