Sea Ice

New edition of the leading resource on the Arctic and Southern Oceans with contributions from the world’s experts on sea ice Sea Ice delivers insights into the very latest understanding of sea ice dynamics, how we measure (and model) its extent, the ecosystems that depend on sea ice, and the effect of climate change on its distribution. The book also discusses how sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influence that sea ice has on the world’s climate. This newly revised and updated Fourth Edition looks at ice-based food webs and the impact on global geopolitics as well as changes in human activity in the Arctic. Written by a team of more than 80 of the world’s leading experts from 13 countries, Sea Ice includes information on: Sea ice thickness distribution and snow and surface processes on sea ice The short-term and long-term dynamics of Arctic versus Antarctic Sea ice Current methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice The ecology of sea ice, from microbes to mammals to marine birds The cycling of contaminants across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface In its new edition, Sea Ice remains the leading multidisciplinary resource on the subject for all policy makers, researchers, and students with an interest in the polar regions and their role in the world’s oceanic systems.

Contributors vii Preface xiii 1 Sea ice thickness distribution 1 Robert Ricker, Luisa von Albedyll and Christian Haas 2 Snow on sea ice and how it varies through the seasons 41 Stefanie Arndt, Melinda Webster, Matthew Sturm and Robert A. Massom 3 Sunlight and sea ice – optical properties 113 Don Perovich, Bonnie Light and Marcel Nicolaus 4 Sea ice from an engineer’s perspective 157 Arttu Polojärvi, Jukka Tuhkuri and Hayo Hendrikse 5 Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice 177 Gunnar Spreen, Polona Itkin and Stefan Kern 6 The rise and fall of Antarctic sea ice: Large-scale variability 215 Ted Maksym and Sharon Stammerjohn 7 The fitful decline of Arctic sea ice 261 Walter N. Meier and Angela C. Bliss 8 Sea ice and Arctic Ocean oceanography 283 Camille Lique, Yueng-Djern Lenn, Benjamin Rabe and Finlo Cottier 9 Oceanography and sea ice in the Southern Ocean 309 F. Alexander Haumann and Michael P. Meredith 10 Sea ice in Earth System Models 347 Zachary Espinosa, Lettie Roach, Cecilia M. Bitz and Dirk Notz 11 Phyloecology of sea ice bacteria and archaea 379 Josephine Z. Rapp, Eeva Eronen-Rasimus, Jody W. Deming and R. Eric Collins 12 Primary production associated with sea ice 433 Stephanie M. Lim, Karley Campbell and Kevin R. Arrigo Copyrighted Material 13 Sea ice food webs in transition 475 Erin H. Kunisch, Malin Daase and Kerrie M. Swadling 14 Marine mammals and sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic 515 Mia Wege, Kristin L. Laidre, Els Vermeulen and Elisa Seyboth 15 Sea ice: A seabird world of its own 549 David Ainley, Nina Karnovsky and George Divoky 16 Nutrients and organic matter dynamics in sea ice 575 Klaus M. Meiners, Delphine Lannuzel, Eva Leu and Kristina A. Brown 17 Gas dynamics in sea ice 623 Odile Crabeck, Bruno Delille, Sebastien Moreau and François Fripiat 18 Sea ice, aerosols and clouds 671 Jean-Christophe Raut, Jennie L. Thomas, Louis Marelle and Rémy Lapere 19 Cycling of contaminants across the ocean–sea ice–snow–atmosphere interface 721 Zhiyuan Gao, Katarzyna Polcwiartek, Kedong Zhang and Feiyue Wang 20 Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry 765 Giulia Castellani, Letizia Tedesco, Nadja Steiner and Martin Vancoppenolle 21 Paleo sea ice reconstruction in the Southern Ocean: Ancient warm periods 805 Amy Leventer and Jennifer Pike 22 Sea ice in Arctic marginal seas 835 Hermanni Kaartokallio, C.J. Mundy, Daiki Nomura, Takenobu Toyota, Alex Crawford and Jouni Vainio 23 It’s all about the happy people: A tale of joy and life around the sea ice 873 Kimberly Kivvaq Pikok, Henry P. Huntington, Craig George, Alex Kaleak Sr., Diedre Kaleak, Joe Mello Leavitt, Donna D.W. Hauser and Courtney Carothers 24 Geopolitics of sea ice 895 Klaus Dodds, Pauline Pic, Liling Xu and Yelena Yermakova Index 919