Sea Ice

Over the past 20 years the study of the frozen Arctic and Southern Oceans and sub-arctic seas has progressed at a remarkable pace. This third edition of Sea Ice gives insight into the very latest understanding of the how sea ice is formed, how we measure (and model) its extent, the biology that lives within and associated with sea ice and the effect of climate change on its distribution. How sea ice influences the oceanography of underlying waters and the influences that sea ice has on humans living in Arctic regions are also discussed.   Featuring twelve new chapters, this edition follows two previous editions (2001 and 2010), and the need for this latest update exhibits just how rapidly the science of sea ice is developing. The 27 chapters are written by a team of more than 50 of the worlds’ leading experts in their fields. These combine to make the book the most comprehensive introduction to the physics, chemistry, biology and geology of sea ice that there is. This third edition of Sea Ice will be a key resource for all policy makers, researchers and students who work with the frozen oceans and seas.

List of contributors vii Preface xi 1 Overview of sea ice growth and properties 1 Chris Petrich and Hajo Eicken 2 Sea ice thickness distribution 42 Christian Haas 3 Snow in the sea ice system: friend or foe? 65 Matthew Sturm and Robert A. Massom 4 Sea ice and sunlight 110 Donald K. Perovich 5 The sea ice–ocean boundary layer 138 Miles G. McPhee 6 The atmosphere over sea ice 160 Ola Persson and Timo Vihma 7 Sea ice and Arctic Ocean oceanography 197 Finlo Cottier, Michael Steele and Frank Nilsen 8 Oceanography and sea ice in the Southern Ocean 216 Michael P. Meredith and Mark A. Brandon 9 Methods of satellite remote sensing of sea ice 239 Gunnar Spreen and Stefan Kern 10 Gaining (and losing) Antarctic sea ice: variability, trends and mechanisms 261 Sharon Stammerjohn and Ted Maksym 11 Losing Arctic sea ice: observations of the recent decline and the long-term context 290 Walter N. Meier 12 Sea ice in Earth system models 304 Dirk Notz and Cecilia M. Bitz 13 Sea ice as a habitat for Bacteria, Archaea and viruses 326 Jody W. Deming and R. Eric Collins 14 Sea ice as a habitat for primary producers 352 Kevin R. Arrigo 15 Sea ice as a habitat for micrograzers 370 David A. Caron, Rebecca J. Gast and Marie-Ève Garneau 16 Sea ice as a habitat for macrograzers 394 Bodil A. Bluhm, Kerrie M. Swadling and Rolf Gradinger 17 Dynamics of nutrients, dissolved organic matter and exopolymers in sea ice 415 Klaus M. Meiners and Christine Michel 18 Gases in sea ice 433 Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille and Stathys Papadimitriou 19 Transport and transformation of contaminants in sea ice 472 Feiyue Wang, Monika Púcko and Gary Stern 20 Numerical models of sea ice biogeochemistry 492 Martin Vancoppenolle and Letizia Tedesco 21 Arctic marine mammals and sea ice 516 Kristin L. Laidre and Eric V. Regehr 22 Antarctic marine mammals and sea ice 534 Marthán N. Bester, Horst Bornemann and Trevor McIntyre 23 A feathered perspective: the influence of sea ice on Arctic marine birds 556 Nina J. Karnovsky and Maria V. Gavrilo 24 Birds and Antarctic sea ice 570 David Ainley, Eric J. Woehler and Amelie Lescroël 25 Sea ice is our beautiful garden: indigenous perspectives on sea ice in the Arctic 583 Henry P. Huntington, Shari Gearheard, Lene Kielsen Holm, George Noongwook, Margaret Opie and Joelie Sanguya 26 Advances in palaeo sea ice estimation 600 Leanne Armand, Alexander Ferry and Amy Leventer 27 Ice in subarctic seas 630 Hermanni Kaartokallio, Mats A. Granskog, Harri Kuosa and Jouni Vainio Index 645